soon after their time

ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:

AF VOBEIS,

Inscr. Orell. 3114;

AF MVRO,

ib. 6601;

AF CAPVA,

ib. 3308;

AF SOLO,

ib. 589;

AF LYCO,

ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):

abs chorago,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):

abs quivis,

Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

abs terra,

Cato, R. R. 51;

and in compounds: aps-cessero,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;

and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,

id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).

In space, and,

Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.

Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):

Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

fuga ab urbe turpissima,

Cic. Att. 7, 21:

ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,

Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:

illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:

venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.

Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:

oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:

quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,

Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:

ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:

protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,

id. ib. 1, 25, 2:

profecti a domo,

Liv. 40, 33, 2;

of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:

classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,

Liv. 8, 22, 6;

of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,

Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:

legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,

id. 24, 40, 2.

Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):

Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:

libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,

Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,

id. Att. 7, 24:

cum a vobis discessero,

id. Sen. 22:

multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

so a fratre,

id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

a Pontio,

Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:

ab ea,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.

Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.

Of separation:

ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,

Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:

abesse a domo paulisper maluit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,

Sall. C. 40, 5:

absint lacerti ab stabulis,

Verg. G. 4, 14.—

Of distance:

quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:

nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,

id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:

hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:

terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,

Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):

cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,

Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:

qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:

quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:

procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:

tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;

v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:

tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,

id. Pis. 11, 26; and:

tam prope ab domo detineri,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:

onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,

eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:

duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,

id. 37, 38, 5). —

To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:

picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:

pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,

on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,

at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:

erat a septentrionibus collis,

on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).

Fig.

In time.

From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:

Exul ab octava Marius bibit,

Juv. 1,40:

mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,

immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:

Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

ab hac contione legati missi sunt,

immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:

ab eo magistratu,

after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:

a summa spe novissima exspectabat,

after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:

ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,

Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:

confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,

Liv. 30, 36, 1:

statim a funere,

Suet. Caes. 85;

and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,

id. ib. 60:

protinus ab adoptione,

Vell. 2, 104, 3:

Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,

soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—

Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,

i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:

secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,

i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.

With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:

ab hora tertia bibebatur,

from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:

infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,

since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:

vixit ab omni aeternitate,

from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:

cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,

Nep. Att. 5, 3:

in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,

after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:

centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,

since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,

id. Sen. 6, 19; and:

ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,

since, Sall. C. 47, 2:

diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,

Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:

quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,

since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:

jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,

from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:

cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:

a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,

Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:

pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,

from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.

Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:

qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,

from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:

mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,

a pueritia,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

jam inde ab adulescentia,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:

ab adulescentia,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1:

jam a prima adulescentia,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

ab ineunte adulescentia,

id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.

followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

a primis temporibus aetatis,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

a teneris unguiculis,

from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:

usque a toga pura,

id. Att. 7, 8, 5:

jam inde ab incunabulis,

Liv. 4, 36, 5:

a prima lanugine,

Suet. Oth. 12:

viridi ab aevo,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;

rarely of animals: ab infantia,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:

qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,

a pausillo puero,

id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:

a puero,

Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:

a pueris,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:

ab adulescente,

id. Quint. 3, 12:

ab infante,

Col. 1, 8, 2:

a parva virgine,

Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:

a parvis,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

a parvulo,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:

ab parvulis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:

ab tenero,

Col. 5, 6, 20;

and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.

In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.

In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:

qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

hic ab artificio suo non recessit,

id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:

quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

condicionem quam ab te peto,

id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:

mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

si quid ab illo acceperis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:

quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab defensione desistere,

Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:

ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,

id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:

ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):

qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,

the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:

tu nunc eris alter ab illo,

next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:

Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,

next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

quid hoc ab illo differt,

from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:

hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,

id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:

discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,

id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):

quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7:

alieno a te animo fuit,

id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):

subdole ab re consulit,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:

haut est ab re aucupis,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,

Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).

In partic.

To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,

id. ib. 1, 3:

disputata ab eo,

id. ib. 1, 4 al.:

illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ita generati a natura sumus,

id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:

pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,

Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:

niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:

quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,

is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:

salvebis a meo Cicerone,

i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:

a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,

i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:

ne vir ab hoste cadat,

Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):

levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:

a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,

id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

si calor est a sole,

id. N. D. 2, 52:

ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),

id. Att. 16, 7, 5:

metu poenae a Romanis,

Liv. 32, 23, 9:

bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,

id. 3, 22, 2:

ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,

id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:

lassus ab equo indomito,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:

Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,

Prop. 5, 1, 126:

tempus a nostris triste malis,

time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:

vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?

by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,

ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),

Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:

si postulatur a populo,

if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:

deseror conjuge,

Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;

and in prose,

Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:

ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:

(urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.

With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:

pastores a Pergamide,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:

Turnus ab Aricia,

Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):

obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,

Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.

In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:

(sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,

id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)

With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:

da, puere, ab summo,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,

da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,

Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:

coepere a fame mala,

Liv. 4, 12, 7:

cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,

tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:

a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.

With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:

a foliis et stercore purgato,

Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:

tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?

Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:

Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,

Liv. 21, 11, 5:

expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,

id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):

ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,

Sall. C. 32:

ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,

Liv. 21, 35, 12:

ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,

Cic. Sest. 64, 133.

With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:

el metul a Chryside,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:

ab Hannibale metuens,

Liv. 23, 36; and:

metus a praetore,

id. 23, 15, 7;

v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,

Cic. Sull. 20, 59:

postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,

you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.

With verbs of fastening and holding:

funiculus a puppi religatus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,

Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.

Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:

a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,

Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.

Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):

id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22.

Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:

doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:

a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,

a frigore laborantibus,

Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:

laborare ab re frumentaria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.

Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:

ab ingenio improbus,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

a me pudica'st,

id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:

orba ab optimatibus contio,

Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):

locus copiosus a frumento,

Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:

sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,

id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:

ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,

id. Brut. 16, 63:

ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,

Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;

so often in poets ab arte=arte,

artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.

In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:

linguam ab irrisu exserentem,

thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:

ab honore,

id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.

Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:

ab illo injuria,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:

fulgor ab auro,

Lucr. 2, 5:

dulces a fontibus undae,

Verg. G. 2, 243.

In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:

scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

nonnuill ab novissimis,

id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).

In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:

qui sunt ab ea disciplina,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

ab eo qui sunt,

id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:

nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,

id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).

To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;

in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,

one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,

a manu servus,

a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).

The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:

a peregre,

Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:

a foris,

Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:

ab intus,

ib. ib. 7, 15:

ab invicem,

App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:

a longe,

Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:

a modo,

ib. ib. 23, 39;

Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,

Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:

a sursum,

ib. Marc. 15, 38.

Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:

Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 37, 91:

a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?

id. Sen. 6:

a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?

id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:

res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—

Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—

It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:

a vitae periculo,

Cic. Brut. 91, 313:

a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,

id. Arch. 6, 12:

a minus bono,

Sall. C. 2, 6:

a satis miti principio,

Liv. 1, 6, 4:

damnis dives ab ipsa suis,

Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—

The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):

aque Chao,

Verg. G. 4, 347:

aque mero,

Ov. M. 3, 631:

aque viro,

id. H. 6, 156:

aque suis,

id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:

a meque,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:

abs teque,

id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

a teque,

id. ib. 8, 11, §

7: a primaque adulescentia,

id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —

A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.

In composition ab,

Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—

It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

ad, prep. with acc. (from the fourth century after Christ written also at; Etrusc. suf. -a; Osc. az; Umbr. and Old Lat. ar, as [p. 27] in Eug. Tab., in S. C. de Bacch., as arveho for adveho; arfuerunt, arfuisse, for adfuerunt, etc.; arbiter for adbiter; so, ar me advenias, Plant. Truc. 2, 2, 17; cf. Prisc. 559 P.; Vel. Long. 2232 P.; Fabretti, Glos. Ital. col. 5) [cf. Sanscr. adhi; Goth. and Eng. at; Celt. pref. ar, as armor, i.e. ad mare; Rom. a].

As antith. to ab (as in to ex), in a progressive order of relation, ad denotes, first, the direction toward an object; then the reaching of or attaining to it; and finally, the being at or near it.

In space.

Direction toward, to, toward, and first,

Horizontally:

fugere ad puppim colles campique videntur,

the hills and fields appear to fly toward the ship, Lucr. 4, 390: meridie umbrae cadunt ad septentrionem, ortu vero ad occasum, to or toward the north and west, Plin. 2, 13, and so often of the geog. position of a place in reference to the points of compass, with the verbs jacere, vergere, spectare, etc.:

Asia jacet ad meridiem et austrum, Europa ad septentriones et aquiionem,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 31 Mull.;

and in Plin. very freq.: Creta ad austrum... ad septentrionem versa, 4, 20: ad Atticam vergente, 4, 21 al.—Also trop.: animus alius ad alia vitia propensior,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 37, 81.—

In a direction upwards (esp. in the poets, very freq.): manusque sursum ad caelum sustulit, Naev. ap. Non. 116, 30 (B. Pun. p. 13, ed. Vahl.): manus ad caeli templa tendebam lacrimans, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 50 ed. Vahl.); cf.:

duplices tendens ad sidera palmas,

Verg. A. 1, 93: molem ex profundo saxeam ad caelum vomit, Att. ap. Prisc. 1325 P.: clamor ad caelum volvendus, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 104 Mull. (Ann. v. 520 ed. Vahl.) (cf. with this: tollitur in caelum clamor, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, or Ann. v. 422):

ad caelumque ferat flammai fulgura rursum, of Aetna,

Lucr. 1, 725; cf. id. 2, 191; 2, 325: sidera sola micant;

ad quae sua bracchia tendens, etc.,

Ov. M. 7, 188:

altitudo pertingit ad caelum,

Vulg. Dan. 4, 17.—

Also in the direction downwards (for the usu. in):

tardiore semper ad terras omnium quae geruntur in caelo effectu cadente quam visu,

Plin. 2, 97, 99, § 216.

The point or goal at which any thing arrives.

Without reference to the space traversed in passing, to, toward (the most common use of this prep.): cum stupro redire ad suos popularis, Naev. ap. Fest. p. 317 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 14 ed. Vahl.):

ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videatur potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12: ad terras decidat aether, Lucan. 2, 58. —Hence,

With verbs which designate going, coming, moving, bearing, bringing near, adapting, taking, receiving, calling, exciting, admonishing, etc., when the verb is compounded with ad the prep. is not always repeated, but the constr. with the dat. or acc. employed; cf. Rudd. II. pp. 154, 175 n. (In the ante-class. per., and even in Cic., ad is generally repeated with most verbs, as, ad eos accedit, Cic. Sex. Rosc. 8:

ad Sullam adire,

id. ib. 25:

ad se adferre,

id. Verr. 4, 50:

reticulum ad naris sibi admovebat,

id. ib. 5, 27:

ad laborem adhortantur,

id. de Sen. 14:

T. Vectium ad se arcessit,

id. Verr. 5, 114; but the poets of the Aug. per., and the historians, esp. Tac., prefer the dative; also, when the compound verb contains merely the idea of approach, the constr. with ad and the acc. is employed; but when it designates increase, that with the dat. is more usual: accedit ad urbem, he approaches the city; but, accedit provinciae, it is added to the province.)—

Ad me, te, se, for domum meam, tuam, suam (in Plaut. and Ter. very freq.):

oratus sum venire ad te huc,

Plaut. Mil. 5, 1, 12: spectatores plaudite atque ite ad vos comissatum, id. Stich. fin.:

eamus ad me,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64:

ancillas traduce huc ad vos,

id. Heaut. 4, 4, 22:

transeundumst tibi ad Menedemum,

id. 4, 4, 17: intro nos vocat ad sese, tenet intus apud se, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 86 P.:

te oro, ut ad me Vibonem statim venias,

Cic. Att. 3, 3; 16, 10 al.—

Ad, with the name of a deity in the gen., is elliptical for ad templum or aedem (cf.:

Thespiadas, quae ad aedem Felicitatis sunt,

Cic. Verr. 4, 4; id. Phil. 2, 35:

in aedem Veneris,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 120;

in aedem Concordiae,

Cic. Cat. 3, 9, 21;

2, 6, 12): ad Dianae,

to the temple of, Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 43:

ad Opis,

Cic. Att. 8, 1, 14:

ad Castoris,

id. Quint. 17:

ad Juturnae,

id. Clu. 101:

ad Vestae,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 35 al.: cf. Rudd. II. p. 41, n. 4, and p. 334.—

With verbs which denote a giving, sending, informing, submitting, etc., it is used for the simple dat. (Rudd. II. p. 175): litteras dare ad aliquem, to send or write one a letter; and: litteras dare alicui, to give a letter to one; hence Cic. never says, like Caesar and Sall., alicui scribere, which strictly means, to write for one (as a receipt, etc.), but always mittere, scribere, perscribere ad aliquem:

postea ad pistores dabo,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 119:

praecipe quae ad patrem vis nuntiari,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 109:

in servitutem pauperem ad divitem dare,

Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 48:

nam ad me Publ. Valerius scripsit,

Cic. Fam. 14, 2 med.:

de meis rebus ad Lollium perscripsi,

id. ib. 5, 3:

velim domum ad te scribas, ut mihi tui libri pateant,

id. Att. 4, 14; cf. id. ib. 4, 16:

ad primam (sc. epistulam) tibi hoc scribo,

in answer to your first, id. ib. 3, 15, 2:

ad Q. Fulvium Cons. Hirpini et Lucani dediderunt sese,

Liv. 27, 15, 1; cf. id. 28, 22, 5.—Hence the phrase: mittere or scribere librum ad aliquem, to dedicate a book to one (Greek, prosphônein):

has res ad te scriptas, Luci, misimus, Aeli,

Lucil. Sat. 1, ap. Auct. Her. 4, 12:

quae institueram, ad te mittam,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5: ego interea admonitu tuo perfeci sane argutulos libros ad Varronem;

and soon after: mihi explices velim, maneasne in sententia, ut mittam ad eum quae scripsi,

Cic. Att. 13, 18; cf. ib. 16; Plin. 1, 19.—So in titles of books: M. Tullii Ciceronis ad Marcum Brutum Orator; M. T. Cic. ad Q. Fratrem Dialogi tres de Oratore, etc.—In the titles of odes and epigrams ad aliquem signifies to, addressed to. —

With names of towns after verbs of motion, ad is used in answer to the question Whither? instead of the simple acc.; but commonly with this difference, that ad denotes to the vicinity of, the neighborhood of:

miles ad Capuam profectus sum, quintoque anno post ad Tarentum,

Cic. de Sen. 4, 10; id. Fam. 3, 81:

ad Veios,

Liv. 5, 19; 14, 18; cf. Caes. B. G. 1, 7; id. B. C. 3, 40 al.—Ad is regularly used when the proper name has an appellative in apposition to it:

ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt,

Sall. J. 81, 2; so Curt. 3, 1, 22; 4, 9, 9;

or when it is joined with usque,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 34, § 87; id. Deiot, 7, 19.— (When an adjective is added, the simple acc. is used poet., as well as with ad:

magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas,

Prop. 3, 21, 1; the simple acc., Ov. H. 2, 83: doctas jam nunc eat, inquit, Athenas).—

With verbs which imply a hostile movement toward, or protection in respect to any thing, against = adversus:

nonne ad senem aliquam fabricam fingit?

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 34:

Lernaeas pugnet ad hydras,

Prop. 3, 19, 9: neque quo pacto fallam, nec quem dolum ad eum aut machinam commoliar, old poet in Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 73:

Belgarum copias ad se venire vidit,

Caes. B. G. 2, 5; 7, 70:

ipse ad hostem vehitur,

Nep. Dat. 4, 5; id. Dion. 5, 4: Romulus ad regem impetus facit (a phrase in which in is commonly found), Liv. 1, 5, 7, and 44, 3, 10:

aliquem ad hostem ducere,

Tac. A. 2, 52:

clipeos ad tela protecti obiciunt,

Verg. A. 2, 443:

munio me ad haec tempora,

Cic. Fam. 9, 18:

ad hos omnes casus provisa erant praesidia,

Caes. B. G. 7, 65; 7, 41;

so with nouns: medicamentum ad aquam intercutem,

Cic. Off. 3, 24:

remedium ad tertianam,

Petr. Sat. 18:

munimen ad imbris,

Verg. G. 2, 352:

farina cum melle ad tussim siccam efficasissima est,

Plin. 20, 22, 89, § 243:

ad muliebre ingenium efficaces preces,

Liv. 1, 9; 1, 19 (in these two passages ad may have the force of apud, Hand).—

The repetition of ad to denote the direction to a place and to a person present in it is rare:

nunc tu abi ad forum ad herum,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 100; cf.:

vocatis classico ad concilium militibus ad tribunos,

Liv. 5 47.—(The distinction between ad and in is given by Diom. 409 P., thus: in forum ire est in ipsum forum intrare; ad forum autem ire, in locum foro proximum; ut in tribunal et ad tribunal venire non unum est; quia ad tribunal venit litigator, in tribunal vero praetor aut judex; cf. also Sen. Ep. 73, 14, deus ad homines venit, immo, quod propius est, in homines venit.)—

The terminus, with ref. to the space traversed, to, even to, with or without usque, Quint. 10, 7, 16: ingurgitavit usque ad imum gutturem, Naev. ap. Non. 207, 20 (Rib. Com. Rel. p. 30): dictator pervehitur usque ad oppidum, Naev. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 153 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 16 ed. Vahl.):

via pejor ad usque Baii moenia,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 96; 1, 1, 97:

rigidum permanat frigus ad ossa,

Lucr. 1, 355; 1, 969:

cum sudor ad imos Manaret talos,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 10:

ut quantum posset, agmen ad mare extenderet,

Curt. 3, 9, 10:

laeva pars ad pectus est nuda,

id. 6, 5, 27 al. —Hence the Plinian expression, petere aliquid (usque) ad aliquem, to seek something everywhere, even with one:

ut ad Aethiopas usque peteretur,

Plin. 36, 6, 9, § 51 (where Jan now reads ab Aethiopia); so,

vestis ad Seras peti,

id. 12, 1, 1.— Trop.:

si quid poscam, usque ad ravim poscam,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 5, 10:

deverberasse usque ad necem,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 13;

without usque: hic ad incitas redactus,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 136; 4, 2, 52; id. Poen. 4, 2, 85; illud ad incitas cum redit atque internecionem, Lucil. ap. Non. 123, 20:

virgis ad necem caedi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; so Hor. S. 1, 2, 42; Liv. 24, 38, 9; Tac. A. 11, 37; Suet. Ner. 26; id. Dom. 8 al.

Nearness or proximity in gen. = apud, near to, by, at, close by (in anteclass. per. very freq.; not rare later, esp. in the historians): pendent peniculamenta unum ad quemque pedum, trains are suspended at each foot, Enn. ap. Non. 149, 33 (Ann. v. 363 ed. Vahl.):

ut in servitute hic ad suum maneat patrem,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 49; cf. id. ib. 2, 3, 98;

3, 5, 41: sol quasi flagitator astat usque ad ostium,

stands like a creditor continually at the door, id. Most. 3, 2, 81 (cf. with same force, Att. ap. Non. 522, 25;

apud ipsum astas): ad foris adsistere,

Cic. Verr. 1, 66; id. Arch. 24:

astiterunt ad januam,

Vulg. Act. 10, 17:

non adest ad exercitum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 6; cf. ib. prol. 133:

aderant ad spectaculum istud,

Vulg. Luc. 23, 48: has (testas) e fenestris in caput Deiciunt, qui prope ad ostium adspiraverunt, Lucil. ap. Non. 288, 31:

et nec opinanti Mors ad caput adstitit,

Lucr. 3, 959:

quod Romanis ad manum domi supplementum esset,

at hand, Liv. 9, 19, 6:

haec arma habere ad manum,

Quint. 12, 5, 1:

dominum esse ad villam,

Cic. Sull. 20; so id. Verr. 2, 21:

errantem ad flumina,

Verg. E. 6, 64; Tib. 1, 10, 38; Plin. 7, 2, § 12; Vitr. 7, 14; 7, 12; and ellipt. (cf. supra, 2. g):

pecunia utinam ad Opis maneret!

Cic. Phil. 1, 17.—Even of persons:

qui primum pilum ad Caesarem duxerat (for apud),

Caes. B. G. 6, 38; so id. ib. 1, 31; 3, 9; 5, 53; 7, 5; id. B. C. 3, 60:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luent,

among, Cic. Phil. 14, 13:

neque segnius ad hostes bellum apparatur,

Liv. 7, 7, 4: pugna ad Trebiam, ad Trasimenum, ad Cannas, etc., for which Liv. also uses the gen.:

si Trasimeni quam Trebiae, si Cannarum quam Trasimeni pugna nobilior esset, 23, 43, 4.—Sometimes used to form the name of a place, although written separately, e. g. ad Murcim,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 154:

villa ad Gallinas, a villa on the Flaminian Way,

Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 37: ad urbem esse (of generals), to remain outside the city (Rome) until permission was given for a triumph:

“Esse ad urbem dicebantur, qui cum potestate provinciali aut nuper e provincia revertissent, aut nondum in provinciam profecti essent... solebant autem, qui ob res in provincia gestas triumphum peterent, extra urbem exspectare, donec, lege lata, triumphantes urbem introire possent,”

Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 8.—So sometimes with names of towns and verbs of rest:

pons, qui erat ad Genavam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

ad Tibur mortem patri minatus est,

Cic. Phil. 6, 4, 10:

conchas ad Caietam legunt,

id. Or. 2, 6:

ad forum esse,

to be at the market, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 136; id. Most. 3, 2, 158; cf. Ter. Ph. 4, 2, 8; id. And. 1, 5, 19.—Hence, adverb., ad dextram (sc. manum, partem), ad laevam, ad sinistram, to the right, to the left, or on the right, on the left:

ad dextram,

Att. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 225; Plaut. Poen. 3, 4, 1; Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 44; Cic. Univ. 13; Caes. B. C. 1, 69:

ad laevam,

Enn. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 51; Att. ib. p. 217: ad sinistram, Ter. [p. 28] Ad. 4, 2, 43 al.:

ad dextram... ad laevam,

Liv. 40, 6;

and with an ordinal number: cum plebes ad tertium milliarium consedisset,

at the third milestone, Cic. Brut. 14, 54, esp. freq. with lapis:

sepultus ad quintum lapidem,

Nep. Att. 22, 4; so Liv. 3, 69 al.; Tac. H. 3, 18; 4, 60 (with apud, Ann. 1, 45; 3, 45; 15, 60) al.; cf. Rudd. II. p. 287.

In time, analogous to the relations given in A.

Direction toward, i. e. approach to a definite point of time, about, toward:

domum reductus ad vesperum,

toward evening, Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

cum ad hiemem me ex Cilicia recepissem,

toward winter, id. Fam. 3, 7.—

The limit or boundary to which a space of time extends, with and without usque, till, until, to, even to, up to:

ego ad illud frugi usque et probus fui,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 53:

philosophia jacuit usque ad hanc aetatem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. de Sen. 14:

quid si hic manebo potius ad meridiem,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 55; so id. Men. 5, 7, 33; id. Ps. 1, 5, 116; id. As. 2, 1, 5:

ad multam noctem,

Cic. de Sen. 14:

Sophocles ad summam senectutem tragoedias fecit,

id. ib. 2; cf. id. Rep. 1, 1:

Alexandream se proficisci velle dixit (Aratus) remque integram ad reditum suum jussit esse,

id. Off. 2, 23, 82:

bestiae ex se natos amant ad quoddam tempus,

id. Lael. 8; so id. de Sen. 6; id. Somn. Sc. 1 al. —And with ab or ab-usque, to desig. the whole period of time passed away:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8:

usque ab aurora ad hoc diei,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 8.—

Coincidence with a point of time, at, on, in, by:

praesto fuit ad horam destinatam,

at the appointed hour, Cic. Tusc. 5, 22:

admonuit ut pecuniam ad diem solverent,

on the day of payment, id. Att. 16, 16 A:

nostra ad diem dictam fient,

id. Fam. 16, 10, 4; cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 5: ad lucem denique arte et graviter dormitare coepisse, at (not toward) daybreak, id. Div. 1, 28, 59; so id. Att. 1, 3, 2; 1, 4, 3; id. Fin. 2, 31, 103; id. Brut. 97, 313:

ad id tempus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 24; Sall. J. 70, 5; Tac. A. 15, 60; Suet. Aug. 87; Domit. 17, 21 al.

The relations of number.

An approximation to a sum designated, near, near to, almost, about, toward (cf. Gr. epi, pros with acc. and the Fr. pres de, a peu pres, presque) = circiter (Hand, Turs. I. p. 102):

ad quadraginta eam posse emi minas,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 111:

nummorum Philippum ad tria milia,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 115; sometimes with quasi added:

quasi ad quadraginta minas,

as it were about, id. Most. 3, 1, 95; so Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 93:

sane frequentes fuimus omnino ad ducentos,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1:

cum annos ad quadraginta natus esset,

id. Clu. 40, 110:

ad hominum milia decem,

Caes. B. G. 1, 4:

oppida numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos,

id. ib. 1, 5.—In the histt. and post-Aug. authors ad is added adverbially in this sense (contrary to Gr. usage, by which amphi, peri, and eis with numerals retain their power as prepositions): ad binum milium numero utrinque sauciis factis, Sisenn. ap. Non. 80, 4:

occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor,

Caes. B. G. 2, 33:

ad duorum milium numero ceciderunt,

id. B. C. 3, 53:

ad duo milia et trecenti occisi,

Liv. 10, 17, 8; so id. 27, 12, 16; Suet. Caes. 20; cf. Rudd. II. p. 334.—

The terminus, the limit, to, unto, even to, a designated number (rare):

ranam luridam conicere in aquam usque quo ad tertiam partem decoxeris,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 26; cf. App. Herb. 41:

aedem Junonis ad partem dimidiam detegit,

even to the half, Liv. 42, 3, 2:

miles (viaticum) ad assem perdiderat,

to a farthing, to the last farthing, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 27; Plin. Ep. 1, 15:

quid ad denarium solveretur,

Cic. Quint. 4.—The phrase omnes ad unum or ad unum omnes, or simply ad unum, means lit. all to one, i. e. all together, all without exception; Gr. hoi kath hena pantes (therefore the gender of unum is changed according to that of omnes): praetor omnes extra castra, ut stercus, foras ejecit ad unum, Lucil. ap. Non. 394, 22:

de amicitia omnes ad unum idem sentiunt,

Cic. Lael. 23:

ad unum omnes cum ipso duce occisi sunt,

Curt. 4, 1, 22 al.:

naves Rhodias afflixit ita, ut ad unam omnes constratae eliderentur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 27; onerariae omnes ad unam a nobis sunt exceptae, Cic. Fam. 12, 14 (cf. in Gr. hoi kath hena; in Hebr., Exod. 14, 28).— Ad unum without omnes:

ego eam sententiam dixi, cui sunt assensi ad unum,

Cic. Fam. 10, 16:

Juppiter omnipotens si nondum exosus ad unum Trojanos,

Verg. A. 5, 687.

In the manifold relations of one object to another.

That in respect of or in regard to which a thing avails, happens, or is true or important, with regard to, in respect of, in relation to, as to, to, in.

With verbs:

ad omnia alia aetate sapimus rectius,

in respect to all other things we grow wiser by age, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 45:

numquam ita quisquam bene ad vitam fuat,

id. ib. 5, 4, 1:

nil ibi libatum de toto corpore (mortui) cernas ad speciem, nil ad pondus,

that nothing is lost in form or weight, Lucr. 3, 214; cf. id. 5, 570; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 21, § 58; id. Mur. 13, 29: illi regi Cyro subest, ad immutandi animi licentiam, crudelissimus ille Phalaris, in that Cyrus, in regard to the liberty of changing his disposition (i. e. not in reality, but inasmuch as he is at liberty to lay aside his good character, and assume that of a tyrant), there is concealed another cruel Phalaris, Cic. Rep. 1, 28:

nil est ad nos,

is nothing to us, concerns us not, Lucr. 3, 830; 3, 845:

nil ad me attinet,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 54:

nihil ad rem pertinet,

Cic. Caecin. 58;

and in the same sense elliptically: nihil ad Epicurum,

id. Fin. 1, 2, 5; id. Pis. 68:

Quid ad praetorem?

id. Verr. 1, 116 (this usage is not to be confounded with that under 4.).—

With adjectives:

ad has res perspicax,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:

virum ad cetera egregium,

Liv. 37, 7, 15:

auxiliaribus ad pugnam non multum Crassus confidebat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 25:

ejus frater aliquantum ad rem est avidior,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 51; cf. id. And. 1, 2, 21; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:

ut sit potior, qui prior ad dandum est,

id. Phorm. 3, 2, 48:

difficilis (res) ad credendum,

Lucr. 2, 1027:

ad rationem sollertiamque praestantior,

Cic. N. D. 2, 62; so id. Leg. 2, 13, 33; id. Fin. 2, 20, 63; id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; id. Font. 15; id. Cat. 1, 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 25, 113; 1, 32, 146; 2, 49, 200; id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; Liv. 9, 16, 13; Tac. A. 12, 54 al.—

With nouns:

prius quam tuum, ut sese habeat, animum ad nuptias perspexerit,

before he knew your feeling in regard to the marriage, Ter. And. 2, 3, 4 (cf. Gr. hopôs echei tis pros ti):

mentis ad omnia caecitas,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11:

magna vis est fortunae in utramque partem vel ad secundas res vel ad adversas,

id. Off. 2, 6; so id. Par. 1:

ad cetera paene gemelli,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 3.—So with acc. of gerund instead of the gen. from the same vb.:

facultas ad scribendum, instead of scribendi,

Cic. Font. 6;

facultas ad agendum,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 1, 2: cf. Rudd. II. p. 245.—

In gramm.: nomina ad aliquid dicta, nouns used in relation to something, i. e. which derive their significance from their relation to another object: quae non possunt intellegi sola, ut pater, mater;

jungunt enim sibi et illa propter quae intelleguntur,

Charis. 129 P.; cf. Prisc. 580 ib.—

With words denoting measure, weight, manner, model, rule, etc., both prop. and fig., according to, agreeably to, after (Gr. kata, pros):

columnas ad perpendiculum exigere,

Cic. Mur. 77:

taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 12: facta sunt ad certam formam. Lucr. 2, 379:

ad amussim non est numerus,

Varr. 2, 1, 26:

ad imaginem facere,

Vulg. Gen. 1, 26:

ad cursus lunae describit annum,

Liv. 1, 19:

omnia ad diem facta sunt,

Caes. B. G. 2, 5:

Id ad similitudinem panis efficiebant,

id. B. C. 3, 48; Vulg. Gen. 1, 26; id. Jac. 3, 9:

ad aequos flexus,

at equal angles, Lucr. 4, 323: quasi ad tornum levantur, to or by the lathe, id. 4, 361:

turres ad altitudiem valli,

Caes. B. G. 5, 42; Liv. 39, 6:

ad eandem crassitudinem structi,

id. 44, 11:

ad speciem cancellorum scenicorum,

with the appearance of, like, Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 8:

stagnum maris instar, circumseptum aedificiis ad urbium speciem,

Suet. Ner. 31:

lascivum pecus ludens ad cantum,

Liv. Andron. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 1:

canere ad tibiam,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 2: canere ad tibicinem, id. ib. 1, 2 (cf.:

in numerum ludere,

Verg. E. 6, 28; id. G. 4, 175):

quod ad Aristophanis lucernam lucubravi,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 9 Mull.: carmen castigare ad unguem, to perfection (v. unguis), Hor. A. P. 294:

ad unguem factus homo,

a perfect gentleman, id. S. 1, 5, 32 (cf. id. ib. 2, 7, 86):

ad istorum normam sapientes,

Cic. Lael. 5, 18; id. Mur. 3:

Cyrus non ad historiae fidem scriptus, sed ad effigiem justi imperii,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:

exercemur in venando ad similitudinem bellicae disciplinae,

id. N. D. 2, 64, 161: so,

ad simulacrum,

Liv. 40, 6:

ad Punica ingenia,

id. 21, 22:

ad L. Crassi eloquentiam,

Cic. Var. Fragm. 8:

omnia fient ad verum,

Juv. 6, 324:

quid aut ad naturam aut contra sit,

Cic. Fin. 1, 9, 30:

ad hunc modum institutus est,

id. Tusc. 2, 3; Caes. B. G. 2, 31; 3, 13:

ad eundem istunc modum,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 70:

quem ad modum, q. v.: ad istam faciem est morbus, qui me macerat,

of that kind, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 73; id. Merc. 2, 3, 90; cf.

91: cujus ad arbitrium copia materiai cogitur,

Lucr. 2, 281:

ad eorum arbitrium et nutum totos se fingunt,

to their will and pleasure, Cic. Or. 8, 24; id. Quint. 71:

ad P. Lentuli auctoritatem Roma contendit,

id. Rab. Post. 21:

aliae sunt legati partes, aliae imperatoris: alter omnia agere ad praescriptum, alter libere ad summam rerum consulere debet,

Caes. B. C. 3, 51:

rebus ad voluntatem nostram fluentibus,

Cic. Off. 1, 26:

rem ad illorum libidinem judicarunt,

id. Font. 36:

ad vulgi opinionem,

id. Off. 3, 21.—So in later Lat. with instar:

ad instar castrorum,

Just. 36, 3, 2:

scoparum,

App. M. 9, p. 232:

speculi,

id. ib. 2, p. 118: ad hoc instar mundi, id. de Mundo, p. 72.—Sometimes, but very rarely, ad is used absol. in this sense (so also very rarely kata with acc., Xen. Hell. 2, 3; Luc. Dial. Deor. 8): convertier ad nos, as we (are turned), Lucr. 4, 317:

ad navis feratur,

like ships, id. 4, 897 Munro. —With noun:

ad specus angustiac vallium,

like caves, Caes. B. C. 3, 49.—Hence,

With an object which is the cause or reason, in conformity to which, from which, or for which, any thing is or is done.

The moving cause, according to, at, on, in consequence of:

cetera pars animae paret et ad numen mentis momenque movetur,

Lucr. 3, 144:

ad horum preces in Boeotiam duxit,

on their entreaty, Liv. 42, 67, 12: ad ea Caesar veniam ipsique et conjugi et fratribus tribuit, in consequence of or upon this, he, etc., Tac. Ann. 12, 37.—

The final cause, or the object, end, or aim, for the attainment of which any thing,

is done,

is designed, or,

is fitted or adapted (very freq.), to, for, in order to.

Seque ad ludos jam inde abhinc exerceant, Pac. ap. Charis. p. 175 P. (Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 80):

venimus coctum ad nuptias,

in order to cook for the wedding, Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 15:

omnis ad perniciem instructa domus,

id. Bacch. 3, 1, 6; cf. Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 41; Liv. 1, 54:

cum fingis falsas causas ad discordiam,

in order to produce dissension, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 71:

quantam fenestram ad nequitiam patefeceris,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 72:

utrum ille, qui postulat legatum ad tantum bellum, quem velit, idoneus non est, qui impetret, cum ceteri ad expilandos socios diripiendasque provincias, quos voluerunt, legatos eduxerint,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 19, 57:

ego vitam quoad putabo tua interesse, aut ad spem servandam esse, retinebo,

for hope, id. Q. Fr. 1, 4; id. Fam. 5, 17:

haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant,

Sall. C. 13, 4:

ad speciem atque ad usurpationem vetustatis,

Cic. Agr. 2, 12, 31; Suet. Caes. 67:

paucis ad speciem tabernaculis relictis,

for appearance, Caes. B. C. 2, 35; so id. ib. 2, 41; id. B. G. 1, 51.—

Aut equos alere aut canes ad venandum. Ter. And. 1, 1, 30:

ingenio egregie ad miseriam natus sum,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 11;

(in the same sense: in rem,

Hor. C. 1, 27, 1, and the dat., Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 6):

ad cursum equum, ad arandum bovem, ad indagandum canem,

Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 40:

ad frena leones,

Verg. A. 10, 253:

delecto ad naves milite,

marines, Liv. 22, 19 Weissenb.:

servos ad remum,

rowers, id. 34, 6; and:

servos ad militiam emendos,

id. 22, 61, 2:

comparasti ad lecticam homines,

Cat. 10, 16:

Lygdamus ad cyathos,

Prop. 4, 8, 37; cf.:

puer ad cyathum statuetur,

Hor. C. 1, 29, 8.—

Quae oportet Signa esse [p. 29] ad salutem, omnia huic osse video, everything indicative of prosperity I see in him, Ter. And. 3, 2, 2:

haec sunt ad virtutem omnia,

id. Heaut. 1, 2, 33:

causa ad objurgandum,

id. And. 1, 1, 123:

argumentum ad scribendum,

Cic. Att. 9, 7 (in both examples instead of the gen. of gerund., cf. Rudd. II. p. 245):

vinum murteum est ad alvum crudam,

Cato R. R. 125:

nulla res tantum ad dicendum proficit, quantum scriptio,

Cic. Brut. 24:

reliquis rebus, quae sunt ad incendia,

Caes. B. C. 3, 101 al. —So with the adjectives idoneus, utilis, aptus, instead of the dat.:

homines ad hanc rem idoneos,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 6:

calcei habiles et apti ad pedem,

Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 231:

orator aptus tamen ad dicendum,

id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5:

sus est ad vescendum hominibus apta,

id. N. D. 2, 64, 160:

homo ad nullam rem utilis,

id. Off. 3, 6:

ad segetes ingeniosus ager,

Ov. F. 4, 684.—(Upon the connection of ad with the gerund. v. Zumpt, § 666; Rudd. II. p. 261.)—

Comparison (since that with which a thing is compared is considered as an object to which the thing compared is brought near for the sake of comparison), to, compared to or with, in comparison with:

ad sapientiam hujus ille (Thales) nimius nugator fuit,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 25; id. Trin. 3, 2, 100:

ne comparandus hic quidem ad illum'st,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 14; 2, 3, 69:

terra ad universi caeli complexum,

compared with the whole extent of the heavens, Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:

homini non ad cetera Punica ingenia callido,

Liv. 22, 22, 15:

at nihil ad nostram hanc,

nothing in comparison with, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 70; so Cic. Deiot. 8, 24; and id. de Or. 2, 6, 25.

Adverbial phrases with ad.

Ad omnia, withal, to crown all:

ingentem vim peditum equitumque venire: ex India elephantos: ad omnia tantum advehi auri, etc.,

Liv. 35, 32, 4.—

Ad hoc and ad haec (in the historians, esp. from the time of Livy, and in authors after the Aug. per.), = praeterea, insuper, moreover, besides, in addition, epi toutois:

nam quicumque impudicus, adulter, ganeo, etc.: praeterea omnes undique parricidae, etc.: ad hoc, quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili alebat: postremo omnes, quos, etc.,

Sall. C. 14, 2 and 3:

his opinionibus inflato animo, ad hoc vitio quoque ingenii vehemens,

Liv. 6, 11, 6; 42, 1, 1; Tac. H. 1, 6; Suet. Aug. 22 al.—

Ad id quod, beside that (very rare):

ad id quod sua sponte satis conlectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur,

Liv. 3, 62, 1; so 44, 37, 12.—

Ad tempus.

At a definite, fixed time, Cic. Att. 13, 45; Liv. 38, 25, 3.—

At a fit, appropriate time, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 141; Liv. 1, 7, 13.—

For some time, for a short time, Cic. Off. 1, 8, 27; id. Lael. 15, 53; Liv. 21, 25, 14.—

According to circumstances, Cic. Planc. 30, 74; id. Cael. 6, 13; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9.—

Ad praesens (for the most part only in post-Aug. writers).

For the moment, for a short time, Cic. Fam. 12, 8; Plin. 8, 22, 34; Tac. A. 4, 21.—

At present, now, Tac. A. 16, 5; id. H. 1, 44.—So, ad praesentiam, Tac. A. 11, 8.—

Ad locum, on the spot:

ut ad locum miles esset paratus,

Liv. 27, 27, 2.—

Ad verbum, word for word, literally, Cic. Fin. 1, 2, 4; id. de Or. 1, 34, 157; id. Ac. 2, 44, 135 al.—

Ad summam.

On the whole, generally, in general, Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3; id. Att. 14, 1; Suet. Aug. 71.—

In a word, in short, Cic. Off. 1, 41, 149; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 106. —

Ad extremum, ad ultimum, ad postremum.

At the end, finally, at last.

Of place, at the extremity, extreme point, top, etc.:

missile telum hastili abiegno et cetera tereti, praeterquam ad extremum, unde ferrum exstabat,

Liv. 21, 8, 10.—

Of time = telos de, at last, finally:

ibi ad postremum cedit miles,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 52; so id. Poen. 4, 2, 22; Cic. Off. 3, 23, 89; id. Phil. 13, 20, 45; Caes. B. G. 7, 53; Liv. 30, 15, 4 al.— Hence,

of order, finally, lastly, = denique: inventa componere; tum ornare oratione; post memoria sepire;

ad extremum agere cum dignitate,

Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 142.—

In Liv., to the last degree, quite: improbus homo, sed non ad extremum perditus, 23, 2, 3; cf.:

consilii scelerati, sed non ad ultimum dementis,

id. 28, 28, 8.—

Quem ad finem? To what limit? How far? Cic. Cat. 1, 1; id. Verr. 5, 75.—

Quem ad modum, v. sub h. v.

Ad (v. ab, ex, in, etc.) is not repeated like some other prepositions with interrog. and relative pronouns, after nouns or demonstrative pronouns:

traducis cogitationes meas ad voluptates. Quas? corporis credo,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37 (ubi v. Kuhner).—

Ad is sometimes placed after its substantive:

quam ad,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 39:

senatus, quos ad soleret, referendum censuit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4:

ripam ad Araxis,

Tac. Ann. 12, 51;

or between subst. and adj.: augendam ad invidiam,

id. ib. 12, 8.—

The compound adque for et ad (like exque, eque, and, poet., aque) is denied by Moser, Cic. Rep. 2, 15, p. 248, and he reads instead of ad humanitatem adque mansuetudinem of the MSS., hum. atque mans. But adque, in acc. with later usage, is restored by Hand in App. M. 10, p. 247, adque haec omnia oboediebam for atque; and in Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 9, utroque vorsum rectum'st ingenium meum, ad se adque illum, is now read, ad te atque ad illum (Fleck., Brix).

In composition.

Form. According to the usual orthography, the d of the ad remains unchanged before vowels, and before b, d, h, m, v: adbibo, adduco, adhibeo, admoveo, advenio; it is assimilated to c, f, g, l, n, p, r, s, t: accipio, affigo, aggero, allabor, annumero, appello, arripio, assumo, attineo; before g and s it sometimes disappears: agnosco, aspicio, asto: and before qu it passes into c: acquiro, acquiesco.—But later philologists, supported by old inscriptions and good MSS., have mostly adopted the following forms: ad before j, h, b, d, f, m, n, q, v; ac before c, sometimes, but less well, before q; ag and also ad before g; a before gn, sp, sc, st; ad and also al before l; ad rather than an before n; ap and sometimes ad before p; ad and also ar before r; ad and also as before s; at and sometimes ad before t. In this work the old orthography has commonly been retained for the sake of convenient reference, but the better form in any case is indicated.—

Signif. In English up often denotes approach, and in many instances will give the force of ad as a prefix both in its local and in its figurative sense.

Local.

To, toward: affero, accurro, accipio ( to one's self).—

At, by: astare, adesse.—

On, upon, against: accumbo, attero.—

Up (cf. de- = down, as in deicio, decido): attollo, ascendo, adsurgo.—

Fig.

To: adjudico, adsentior.—

At or on: admiror, adludo.—

Denoting conformity to, or comparison with: affiguro, adaequo.—

Denoting addition, increase (cf. ab, de, and ex as prefixes to denote privation): addoceo, adposco.—

Hence, denoting intensity: adamo, adimpleo, aduro, and perhaps agnosco.—

Denoting the coming to an act or state, and hence commencement: addubito, addormio, adquiesco, adlubesco, advesperascit. See more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 74-134.

mātūrus, a, um ( sup. usually maturissimus;

less freq. maturrimus,

Tac. A. 12, 65; cf. the adv.), adj. [root, Sanscr. ma-, measure, time, whence mane, matutinus; cf.: manus, modus; hence, timely, ready in time], ripe, mature (class.).

Lit., of fruits:

poma matura et cocta (opp. cruda),

Cic. Sen. 19, 71:

uva,

Verg. E. 10, 36:

fruges,

id. ib. 3, 80:

maturissimae ficus,

Col. 12, 17, 2.—With dat.:

seges matura messi,

ripe for harvesting, Liv. 2, 5.— Neutr. as subst.:

quod maturi erat (opp. viride),

Liv. 34, 26, 8. —

Transf.

Ripe, mature, of the proper age, proper, fit, seasonable, timely, etc.—With dat.:

filia matura viro,

ripe for marriage, marriageable, Verg. A. 7, 53:

maturus bello,

Juv. 8, 169:

vitulus templis maturus et arae,

old enough for sacrifice, id. 12, 7:

virgo,

Hor. C. 3, 6, 22:

ovis,

fit for bearing, Col. 7, 3, 1:

Roxane matura ex Alexandro,

Just. 13, 2, 5; cf.

venter,

ripe for delivery, ready to bring forth, Ov. M. 11, 311:

infans,

id. ib. 7, 127:

aetas,

mature, fit for action, Verg. A. 12, 438:

progenies matura militiae,

Liv. 42, 52: L. Caesar viris, of the proper age for assuming the toga virilis, Vell. 2, 99.— Piur. subst.: mātūri, adults (opp. pueri), Lact. 5, 13, 3:

omnia matura sunt, victoria, praeda, laus,

ready to be seized, Sall. J. 85, 48.—With ad:

ad arma,

Sil. 16, 657.—Of mental qualities:

ipse enim Thucydides, si posterius fuisset, multo maturior ac mitior fuisset,

Cic. Brut. 83, 288:

annis gravis atque animi maturus Aletes,

mature in judgment, Verg. A. 9, 246:

aevi,

ripe in years, id. ib. 5, 73:

centuriones,

who had served out their time, Suet. Calig. 44:

imperia,

old, antiquated, Just. 11, 5, 7:

scribendi tempus maturius,

more seasonable, more favorable, Cic. Att. 15, 4, 3: mihi vero ad nonas bene maturum videtur fore, just [p. 1121] at the right time, id. Fam. 9, 5, 1:

se maturam oppetere mortem,

in good old age, id. Div. 1, 18, 36:

senex,

Hor. A. P. 115.—

Powerful, vigorous:

glaebasque jacentis Pulverolenter coquat maturis solibus aestas,

Verg. G. 1, 66:

lux,

id. A. 10, 257:

ignes (anni),

Grat. Cyn. 59:

maturae mala nequitiae,

full-grown depravity, Juv. 14, 216.—

That takes place early, early, speedy, quick:

mittam hodie huic suo die natali malam rem magnam et maturam,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 5: matura faba, the early bean (opp. to the late bean), Col. 2, 10:

satio (opp. to late sowing),

id. ib.: fenum, the first hay (opp. to the after-math), id. 7, 3:

hiemes,

early, Caes. B. G. 4, 20:

decessio,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1:

honores,

Ov. P. 2, 1, 59:

judicium,

quick, Cic. Caecin. 3, 7:

robur aetatis quam maturrimum precari,

Tac. A. 12, 65:

aetas maturissima,

early life, Auct. Her. 4, 17, 25:

si mora pro culpa est, ego sum maturior illo,

was there earlier, Ov. M. 13, 300.—Hence, adv.: mātūrē ( sup. maturissime and maturrime; v. the foll.).

Seasonably, opportunely, at the proper time (class.):

custodes mature sentiunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 44, § 96:

satis mature occurrit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 7:

ubi consulueris, mature facto opus est,

Sall. C. 1 fin. —

Betimes, early, speedily, quickly, soon:

mature fieri senem,

Cic. Sen. 10, 32:

proficisci,

id. Fam. 3, 3, 1:

Romam venire,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 4.— Comp.:

maturius proficiscitur,

Caes. B. G. 4, 6:

maturius pervenire,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 24, § 60:

tempus quam res maturius me deserat,

Sall. J. 42, 5:

maturius ad Epulas ire,

Juv. 11, 88:

voluerunt veteres maturius hereditates adiri,

Gai. Inst. 2, 55.— Sup.: maximos tumultus maturissime disjeci, Cato ap. Charis. p. 184 P.:

res maturissime vindicanda est,

as quickly, as early as possible, Cic. Caecin. 2, 7:

quippe qui omnium maturrime ad publicas causas accesserim,

id. de Or. 3, 20, 74:

perge qua coeptas, ut quam maturrime merita invenias,

Sall. H. 1, 48, 16 Dietsch.:

quibus rebus quam maturrime occurrendum putabat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 33 fin. —

Prematurely, untimely:

pater mature decessit,

Nep. Att. 2, 1.—With a play upon the three meanings of the word (A., B., and C.):

qui homo mature quaesivit pecuniam, Nisi eam mature parsit, mature esurit,

he who has made money at the right time, if he is not soon sparing of it, will too soon suffer hunger, Plaut. Curc. 3, 10.

mātūrus, a, um ( sup. usually maturissimus;

less freq. maturrimus,

Tac. A. 12, 65; cf. the adv.), adj. [root, Sanscr. ma-, measure, time, whence mane, matutinus; cf.: manus, modus; hence, timely, ready in time], ripe, mature (class.).

Lit., of fruits:

poma matura et cocta (opp. cruda),

Cic. Sen. 19, 71:

uva,

Verg. E. 10, 36:

fruges,

id. ib. 3, 80:

maturissimae ficus,

Col. 12, 17, 2.—With dat.:

seges matura messi,

ripe for harvesting, Liv. 2, 5.— Neutr. as subst.:

quod maturi erat (opp. viride),

Liv. 34, 26, 8. —

Transf.

Ripe, mature, of the proper age, proper, fit, seasonable, timely, etc.—With dat.:

filia matura viro,

ripe for marriage, marriageable, Verg. A. 7, 53:

maturus bello,

Juv. 8, 169:

vitulus templis maturus et arae,

old enough for sacrifice, id. 12, 7:

virgo,

Hor. C. 3, 6, 22:

ovis,

fit for bearing, Col. 7, 3, 1:

Roxane matura ex Alexandro,

Just. 13, 2, 5; cf.

venter,

ripe for delivery, ready to bring forth, Ov. M. 11, 311:

infans,

id. ib. 7, 127:

aetas,

mature, fit for action, Verg. A. 12, 438:

progenies matura militiae,

Liv. 42, 52: L. Caesar viris, of the proper age for assuming the toga virilis, Vell. 2, 99.— Piur. subst.: mātūri, adults (opp. pueri), Lact. 5, 13, 3:

omnia matura sunt, victoria, praeda, laus,

ready to be seized, Sall. J. 85, 48.—With ad:

ad arma,

Sil. 16, 657.—Of mental qualities:

ipse enim Thucydides, si posterius fuisset, multo maturior ac mitior fuisset,

Cic. Brut. 83, 288:

annis gravis atque animi maturus Aletes,

mature in judgment, Verg. A. 9, 246:

aevi,

ripe in years, id. ib. 5, 73:

centuriones,

who had served out their time, Suet. Calig. 44:

imperia,

old, antiquated, Just. 11, 5, 7:

scribendi tempus maturius,

more seasonable, more favorable, Cic. Att. 15, 4, 3: mihi vero ad nonas bene maturum videtur fore, just [p. 1121] at the right time, id. Fam. 9, 5, 1:

se maturam oppetere mortem,

in good old age, id. Div. 1, 18, 36:

senex,

Hor. A. P. 115.—

Powerful, vigorous:

glaebasque jacentis Pulverolenter coquat maturis solibus aestas,

Verg. G. 1, 66:

lux,

id. A. 10, 257:

ignes (anni),

Grat. Cyn. 59:

maturae mala nequitiae,

full-grown depravity, Juv. 14, 216.—

That takes place early, early, speedy, quick:

mittam hodie huic suo die natali malam rem magnam et maturam,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 5: matura faba, the early bean (opp. to the late bean), Col. 2, 10:

satio (opp. to late sowing),

id. ib.: fenum, the first hay (opp. to the after-math), id. 7, 3:

hiemes,

early, Caes. B. G. 4, 20:

decessio,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1:

honores,

Ov. P. 2, 1, 59:

judicium,

quick, Cic. Caecin. 3, 7:

robur aetatis quam maturrimum precari,

Tac. A. 12, 65:

aetas maturissima,

early life, Auct. Her. 4, 17, 25:

si mora pro culpa est, ego sum maturior illo,

was there earlier, Ov. M. 13, 300.—Hence, adv.: mātūrē ( sup. maturissime and maturrime; v. the foll.).

Seasonably, opportunely, at the proper time (class.):

custodes mature sentiunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 44, § 96:

satis mature occurrit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 7:

ubi consulueris, mature facto opus est,

Sall. C. 1 fin. —

Betimes, early, speedily, quickly, soon:

mature fieri senem,

Cic. Sen. 10, 32:

proficisci,

id. Fam. 3, 3, 1:

Romam venire,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 4.— Comp.:

maturius proficiscitur,

Caes. B. G. 4, 6:

maturius pervenire,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 24, § 60:

tempus quam res maturius me deserat,

Sall. J. 42, 5:

maturius ad Epulas ire,

Juv. 11, 88:

voluerunt veteres maturius hereditates adiri,

Gai. Inst. 2, 55.— Sup.: maximos tumultus maturissime disjeci, Cato ap. Charis. p. 184 P.:

res maturissime vindicanda est,

as quickly, as early as possible, Cic. Caecin. 2, 7:

quippe qui omnium maturrime ad publicas causas accesserim,

id. de Or. 3, 20, 74:

perge qua coeptas, ut quam maturrime merita invenias,

Sall. H. 1, 48, 16 Dietsch.:

quibus rebus quam maturrime occurrendum putabat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 33 fin. —

Prematurely, untimely:

pater mature decessit,

Nep. Att. 2, 1.—With a play upon the three meanings of the word (A., B., and C.):

qui homo mature quaesivit pecuniam, Nisi eam mature parsit, mature esurit,

he who has made money at the right time, if he is not soon sparing of it, will too soon suffer hunger, Plaut. Curc. 3, 10.

vŏlo (2 d pers. sing. vis, orig. veis, Prisc. 9, 1, 6, p. 847 P.; 1 st pers. plur. volumus, but volimus, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 89 Speng.; 3 d pers. sing. volt, and 2 d pers. plur. voltis always in ante-class. writers;

also volt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 17, § 42; 2, 5, 49, § 128; id. Sest. 42, 90; id. Phil. 8, 9, 26; id. Par. 5, 1, 34; id. Rep. 3, 33, 45:

voltis,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 53, § 122; 2, 3, 94, § 219; 2, 5, 5, § 11; 2, 3, 89, § 208; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Rab. Perd. 12, 33; id. Sest. 30, 64; id. Par. 1, 2, 11 et saep. — Pres. subj. velim, but sometimes volim, Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 44 Ritschl; cf. Prisc. 9, 1, 8, p. 848 P.;

so volint,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 65 Ritschl), velle, volui ( part. fut. voliturus, Serv. ad Verg. A. 5, 712; contr. forms, vin for visne, freq. in Plaut. and Ter., also Hor. S. 1, 9, 69; Pers. 6, 63:

sis for si vis,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 70; id. Merc. 4, 4, 37; id. Pers. 3, 3, 8; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 20; id. Heaut. 1, 2, 38; Cic. Tusc. 2, 18, 42; id. Rosc. Am. 16, 48; id. Mil. 22, 60; Liv. 34, 32, 20:

sultis for si voltis, only ante-class.,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. As. prol. 1; id. Capt. 2, 3, 96; 3, 5, 9; 4, 4, 11), v. irreg. a. [Sanscr. var-; Gr. bol-, boulomai; cf. the strengthened root Wel- in eeldomai, elpomai; Germ. wollen; Engl. will], expressing any exercise of volition, and corresponding, in most cases, to the Germ. wollen; in Engl. mostly rendered, to wish, want, intend, purpose, propose, be willing, consent, mean, will, and, impersonally, it is my will, purpose, intention, plan, policy (syn.: cupio, opto; but volo properly implies a purpose).

In gen.

With object-infinitive.

With pres. inf.

Exire ex urbe priusquam luciscat volo, Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 35:

potare ego hodie tecum volo,

id. Aul. 3, 6, 33:

ego quoque volo esse liber: nequiquam volo,

id. Trin. 2, 4, 39; so id. ib. 2, 4, 164:

ait rem seriam agere velle mecum,

Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 8:

natus enim debet quicunque est velle manere In vita,

Lucr. 5, 177:

video te alte spectare et velle in caelum migrare,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 34, 82:

quid poetae? Nonne post mortem nobilitari volunt?

id. ib. 1, 15, 34:

si innocentes existimari volumus,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28:

quoniam opinionis meae voluistis esse participes,

id. de Or. 1, 37, 172:

quod eas quoque nationes adire et regiones cognoscere volebat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7:

si velit suos recipere, obsides sibi remittat,

id. ib. 3, 8 fin.:

dominari illi volunt, vos liberi esse,

Sall. J. 31, 23:

si haec relinquere voltis,

id. C. 58, 15:

priusquam liberi estis, dominari jam in adversarios vultis,

Liv. 3, 53, 7:

si quis vestrum suos invisere volt, commeatum do,

id. 21, 21, 5:

non enim vincere tantum noluit, sed vinci voluit,

id. 2, 59, 2:

suspitionem Caesar quibusdam reliquit, neque voluisse se diutius vivere, neque curasse,

Suet. Caes. 85:

Eutrapelus cuicunque nocere volebat, Vestimenta dabat pretiosa,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 31.—

Idiomatically: quid arbitramini Rheginos merere velle ut ab iis marmorea illa Venus auferatur? what do you think the Rhegini would take for, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 60, § 135.—

Transf., of things: fabula quae posci vult et spectata reponi, a comedy which wishes (i. e. is meant) to be in demand, etc., Hor. A. P. 190:

neque enim aut hiare semper vocalibus aut destitui temporibus volunt sermo atque epistula,

Quint. 9, 4, 20; cf. id. 8, prooem. 23.—

Of the wishes of those that have a right to command, the gods, masters, parents, commanders, etc., I want, wish, will, am resolved, it is my will:

in acdibus quid tibi meis erat negoti...? Volo scire,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 14; 3, 2, 17; 3, 2, 18; 3, 6, 27; id. Curc. 4, 3, 11; id. Ep. 3, 4, 74; id. Mil. 2, 3, 74; 3, 1, 17; id. Stich. 1, 2, 56; Ter. And. 1, 2, 9; 4, 2, 17:

maxima voce clamat populus, neque se uni, nec paucis velle parere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 35, 55:

consuesse deos immortalis, quos pro scelere eorum ulcisci velint, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 13:

hic experiri vim virtutemque volo,

Liv. 23, 45, 9.—

= in animo habere, to intend, purpose, mean, design:

ac volui inicere tragulam in nostrum senem,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 4, 14:

eadem quae illis voluisti facere tu, faciunt tibi,

id. Mil. 3, 1, 11; so id. Most. 2, 2, 5:

puerumque clam voluit exstinguere,

Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 23:

necare candem voluit,

Cic. Cael. 13, 31: quid enim ad illum qui te captare vult, utrum [p. 2005] tacentem te irretiat an loquentem? id. Ac. 2, 29, 94:

hostis hostem occidere volui,

Liv. 2, 12, 9; 7, 34, 11: volui interdiu eum... occidere; volui, cum ad cenam invitavi, veneno scilicet tollere;

volui... ferro interficere (ironically),

id. 40, 13, 2:

tuum crimen erit, hospitem occidere voluisse,

the intention to kill your guest-friend, Val. Max. 5, 1, 3 fin.; 6, 1, 8:

non enim vult mori, sed invidiam filio facere,

Quint. 9, 2, 85.—

Pregn., opp. optare: non vult mori qui optat,

Sen. Ep. 117, 24:

sed eo die is, cui dare volueram (epistulam), non est profectus,

Cic. Att. 9, 7, 1:

cum de senectute vellem aliquid scribere,

id. Sen. 1, 2:

ego te volui castigare, tu mihi accussatrix ades,

Plaut. As. 3, 1, 10:

bonus volo jam ex hoc die esse,

id. Pers. 4, 3, 10:

ego jam a principio amici filiam, Ita ut aequom fuerat, volui uxorem ducere,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 46:

at etiam eo negotio M. Catonis splendorem maculare voluerunt,

it was their purpose, Cic. Sest. 28, 60:

eum (tumulum) non tam capere sine certamine volebat, quam causam certaminis cum Minucio contrahere,

his plan was, Liv. 22, 28, 4.—Of things:

cum lex venditionibus occurrere voluit,

when it was the purpose of the law, Dig. 46, 1, 46: sed quid ea drachuma facere vis? Ca. Restim volo Mihi emere... qui me faciam pensilem, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 87: Ch. Revorsionem ad terram faciunt vesperi. Ni. Aurum hercle auferre voluere, id. Bacch. 2, 3, 63:

si iis qui haec omnia flamma ac ferro delere voluerunt... bellum indixi, etc.,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 10, 24:

(plebem) per caedem senatus vacuam rem publicam tradere Hannibali velle,

Liv. 23, 2, 7:

rem Nolanam in jus dicionemque dare voluerat Poeno,

id. 23, 15, 9: qui (majores nostri) tanta cura Siculos tueri ac retinere voluerunt ut, etc., whose policy it was to protect, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 6, § 14:

ut qui a principio mitis omnibus Italicis praeter Romanos videri vellet, etc.,

Liv. 23, 15, 4: idem istuc, si in vilitate largiri voluisses, derisum tuum beneficium esset, if you had offered to grant the same thing during low prices, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 92, § 215.—

= studere, conari, to try, endeavor, attempt:

quas (i. e. magnas res) qui impedire vult, is et infirmus est mobilisque natura, et, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 20, 75:

nam si quando id (exordium) primum invenire volui, nullum mihi occurrit, nisi aut exile, aut, etc.,

id. Or. 2, 77, 315:

de Antonio dico, numquam illum... nonnullorum de ipso suspitionem infitiando tollere voluisse,

that he never attempted to remove, id. Sest. 3, 8; id. Div. 1, 18, 35:

audes Fatidicum fallere velle deum?

do you dare attempt? Ov. F. 2, 262.—

To mean, of actions and expressions:

hic respondere voluit, non lacessere,

the latter meant to answer, not to provoke, Ter. Phorm. prol. 19:

non te judices urbi sed carceri reservarunt, neque to retinere in civitate, sed exilio privare voluerunt,

Cic. Att. 1, 16, 9.—So, volo dicere, I mean (lit. I intend to say):

quid aliud volui dicere?

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 51:

volo autem dicere, illud homini longe optimum esse quod ipsum sit optandum per se,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 20, 46.—Often with the acc. illud or id, as a correction: Tr. Specta quam arcte dormiunt. Th. Dormiunt? Tr. Illut quidem ut conivent volui dicere, I mean how they nod, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 145: Py. Quid? bracchium? Ar. Illud dicere volui femur, id. Mil. 1, 1, 27:

adduxi volui dicere,

id. Ps. 2, 4, 21; id. Am. 1, 1, 233; 1, 1, 235; id. Cas. 2, 6, 14; id. Mil. 3, 2, 7; id. Ps. 3, 2, 54; id. Rud. 2, 4, 9.—

To be going to: haec argumenta ego aedificiis dixi; nunc etiam volo docere ut homines aedium esse similes arbitremini, now I am going to show how, etc., Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 37: quando bene gessi rem, volo hic in fano supplicare, I am going to worship here, etc., id. Curc. 4, 2, 41:

nunc quod relicuom restat volo persolvere,

id. Cist. 1, 3, 40:

sustine hoc, Penicule, exuvias facere quas vovi volo,

id. Men. 1, 3, 13:

sinite me prospectare ne uspiam insidiae sint, consilium quod habere volumus,

id. Mil. 3, 1, 3; id. As. 2, 2, 113; id. Cas. 4, 2, 3; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 61:

si Prometheus, cum mortalibus ignem dividere vellet, ipse a vicinis carbunculos conrogaret, ridiculus videretur,

Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9:

ait se velle de illis HS. LXXX. cognoscere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 23, § 56:

hinc se recipere cum vellent, rursus illi ex loco superiore nostros premebant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 45. —

To be about to, on the point of: quom mittere signum Volt, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 88 Vahl.):

quotiens ire volo foras, retines me, rogitas quo ego eam,

Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 5:

quae sese in ignem inicere voluit, prohibui,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 113:

si scires aspidem latere uspiam, et velle aliquem imprudentem super eam adsidere,

Cic. Fin. 2, 18, 59; id. Div. 1, 52, 118:

quod cum facere vellent, intervenit M. Manilius,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

qui cum opem ferre vellet, nuntiatum sibi esse aliam classem ad Aegates insulas stare,

Liv. 22, 56, 7:

at Libys obstantes dum vult obvertere remos, In spatium resilire manus breve vidit,

Ov. M. 3, 676; 1, 635:

P. Claudius cum proelium navale committere vellet,

Val. Max. 1, 4, 3.—

Will, and in oblique discourse and questions would, the auxiliaries of the future and potential: animum advortite: Comediai nomen dari vobis volo, I will give you, etc., Plaut. Cas. prol. 30:

sed, nisi molestum est, nomen dare vobis volo comediai,

id. Poen. prol. 50:

vos ite intro. Interea ego ex hac statua verberea volo erogitare... quid sit factum,

id. Capt. 5, 1, 30:

i tu atque arcessi illam: ego intus quod facto est opus volo adcurare,

id. Cas. 3, 3, 35; id. Cist. 1, 1, 113; id. Most. 1, 1, 63; id. Poen. 2, 44; id. Pers. 1, 3, 85; id. Rud. 1, 2, 33: cum vero (gemitus) nihil imminuat doloris, cur frustra turpes esse volumus? why will ( would) we be disgraceful to no purpose? Cic. Tusc. 2, 24, 57:

illa enim (ars) te, verum si loqui volumus, ornaverat,

id. ib. 1, 47, 112:

ergo, si vere aestimare volumus, etc.,

Val. Max. 7, 5, 6:

si vere aestimare Macedonas, qui tunc erant, volumus,

Curt. 4, 16, 33:

ejus me compotem facere potestis, si meminisse vultis, etc.,

Liv. 7, 40, 5:

visne igitur, dum dies ista venit... interea tu ipse congredi mecum ut, etc....?

id. 8, 7, 7:

volo tibi Chrysippi quoque distinctionem indicare,

Sen. Ep. 9, 14: vis tu homines urbemque feris praeponere silvis? will you prefer, etc., Hor. S. 2, 6, 92; cf. velim and vellem, would, II. A. 2.—

Sometimes volui = mihi placuit, I resolved, concluded (generally, in this meaning, followed by an infinitive clause, v. I. B. 4.):

uti tamen tuo consilio volui,

still I concluded to follow your advice, Cic. Att. 8, 3, 1.—

To be willing, ready, to consent, like to do something: si sine bello velint rapta... tradere... se exercitum domum reducturum, if they were willing, would consent to, would deliver, etc., Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 52:

is dare volt, is se aliquid posci,

likes to give, id. As. 1, 3, 29:

hoc dixit, si hoc de cella concederetur, velle Siculos senatui polliceri frumentum in cellam gratis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 87, § 200:

ei laxiorem daturos, si venire ad causam dicendam vellet,

Liv. 39, 17, 2; 5, 36, 4: nemo invenitur qui pecuniam suam dividere velit. Sen. Brev. Vit. 3, 1:

plerique concessam sibi sub condicione vitam si militare adversus eum vellent, recusarunt,

Suet. Caes. 68:

dedere etiam se volebant, si toleranda viris imperarentur,

Flor. 1, 33 (2, 18), 12.—So with negatives, to be not willing, not to suffer, not to like, not to allow, refuse:

heri nemo voluit Sostratam intro admittere,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 49:

cum alter verum audire non vult,

Cic. Lael. 26, 98: a proximis quisque minime anteiri vult, likes least to be surpassed, etc., Liv. 6, 34, 7:

nihil ex his praeter... accipere voluit,

refused to accept, Val. Max. 4, 3, 4.—

To do something voluntarily or intentionally: volo facere = mea voluntate or sponte facio: si voluit accusare, pietati tribuo;

si jussus est, necessitati,

if he accused of his own free will, I ascribe it to his filial love, Cic. Cael. 1, 2:

utrum statuas voluerint tibi statuere, an coacti sint,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 65, § 157:

de risu quinque sunt quae quaerantur... sitne oratoris risum velle permovere,

on purpose, id. Or. 2, 58, 235:

laedere numquam velimus,

Quint. 6, 3, 28.—So, non velle with inf., to do something unwillingly, with reluctance:

vivere noluit qui mori non vult,

who dies with reluctance, Sen. Ep. 30, 10.—

To be of opinion, think, mean, pretend (rare with inf.; usu. with acc. and inf.; v. B. 8.):

haec tibi scripsi ut isto ipso in genere in quo aliquid posse vis, te nihil esse cognosceres,

in which you imagine you have some influence, Cic. Fam. 7, 27, 2:

in hoc homo luteus etiam callidus ac veterator esse vult, quod ita scribit, etc.,

pretends, means to be, id. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 35: sed idem Aelius Stoicus esse voluit, orator autem nec studuit um quam, nec fuit, id. Brut. 56, 206:

Pythago. ras, qui etiam ipse augur esse vellet,

id. Div. 1, 3, 5.—

To like, have no objection to, approve of (cf. E. 1. sq.):

magis eum delectat qui se ait philosophari velle sed paucis: nam omnino haud placere,

that he liked, had no objection to philosophizing, Cic. Rep. 1, 18, 30; v. also II. A.—

With pres. inf. understood.

Supplied from a preceding or subsequent clause.

To wish, it is his will, etc. (cf. 1. a. and b. supra):

nunc bene vivo et fortunate atque ut volo, i. e. vivere,

as I wish, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 111: quod diu vivendo multa quae non volt (i. e. videre) videt, Caecil. ap. Cic. Sen. 8, 25:

proinde licet quotvis vivendo condere saecla,

Lucr. 3, 1090:

nec tantum proficiebam quantum volebam,

Cic. Att. 1, 17, 1:

tot autem rationes attulit, ut velle (i. e. persuadere) ceteris, sibi certe persuasisse videatur,

id. Tusc. 1, 21, 49:

sed liceret, si velint, in Ubiorum finibus considere,

Caes. B. G. 4, 81:

quo praesidio senatus libere quae vellet decernere auderet,

id. B. C. 1, 2.—Of things:

neque chorda sonum reddit quem vult manus et mens,

Hor. A. P. 348.—

To choose, be pleased (freq.):

tum mihi faciat quod volt magnus Juppiter,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 50:

id repetundi copia est, quando velis,

id. Trin. 5, 2, 7:

habuit aurum quamdiu voluit,

Cic. Cael. 13, 31:

rapiebat et asportabat quantum a quoque volebat Apronius,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 29:

provincias quas vellet, quibus vellet, venderet?

id. Sest. 39, 84:

quotiens ille tibi potestatem facturus sit ut eligas utrum velis,

id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45:

daret utrum vellet subclamatum est,

Liv. 21, 18, 14:

senatus consultum factum est ut plebes praeficeret quaestioni quem vellet,

id. 4, 51, 2:

saxi materiaeque caedendae unde quisque vellet jus factum,

id. 5, 55, 3; cf. id. 2, 13, 9; 5, 46, 10; 6, 25, 5; 22, 10, 23; 23, 6, 2; 23, 15, 15; 23, 45, 10; 23, 47, 2;

26, 21, 11: vicem suam conquestus, quod sibi soli non liceret amicis, quatenus vellet, irasci,

Suet. Aug. 66:

at tu quantum vis tolle,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 16.—

To intend, it is my purpose, etc. (v. 1. c. supra):

sine me pervenire quo volo,

let me come to my point, Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 44:

scripsi igitur Aristotelio more, quemadmodum quidem volui, tres libros... de Oratore,

as I intended, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

ut meliore condicione quam qua ipse vult imitetur homines eos qui, etc.,

id. Div. in Caecil. 8, 25:

ego istos posse vincere scio, velle ne scirem ipsi fecerunt,

Liv. 2, 45, 12. —

To be willing, to consent, I will (v. 1. h. and l. supra): tu eum orato... St. Sane volo, yes, I will, Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 57:

jube me vinciri. Volo, dum istic itidem vinciatur,

id. Capt. 3, 4, 75:

patri dic velle (i. e. uxorem ducere),

that you consent, are willing, Ter. And. 2, 3, 20 (cf.: si vis, II. A. 2, and sis, supra init.).—

To do something voluntarily (v. 1. m. supra):

tu selige tantum, Me quoque velle velis, anne coactus amem,

Ov. Am. 3, 11, 50.—

With ellipsis of inf.

Volo, with a designation of place, = ire volo:

nos in Formiano morabamur, quo citius audiremus: deinde Arpinum volebamus,

I intended to go to Arpinum, Cic. Att. 9, 1, 3:

volo mensi Quinctili in Graeciam,

id. ib. 14, 7, 2:

hactenus Vitellius voluerat (i. e. procedere),

Tac. A. 12, 42 fin. —

With other omissions, supplied from context: volo Dolabellae valde desideranti, non reperio quid (i. e. to dedicate some writing to him), Cic. Att. 13, 13, 2.—

In mal. part., Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 7; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 16; 2. 19, 2; Prop. 1, 13, 36.—

With perfect infinitive active (rare).

In negative imperative sentences dependent on ne velis, ne velit (in oblique discourse also ne vellet), where ne velis has the force of noli. The perfect infinitive emphatically represents the action as completed (ante-class. and poet.).

In ancient ordinances of the Senate and of the higher officers (not in laws proper): NEIQVIS EORVM BACANAL HABVISE VELET... BACAS VIR NEQVIS ADIESE VELET CEIVIS ROMANVS... NEVE PECVNIAM QVISQVAM EORVM COMOINEM HABVISE VELET... NEVE... QVIQVAM FECISE VELET. NEVE INTER SED CONIOVRASE, NEVE COMVOVISE NEVE CONSPONDISE, etc., S. C. de Bacch. 4-13 ap. Wordsworth, Fragm. and Spec. p. 172.—So, in quoting such ordinances: per totam Italiam edicta mitti ne quis qui Bacchis initiatus esset, coisse aut convenisse causa sacrorum velit. [p. 2006] neu quid talis rei divinae fecisse, Liv. 39, 14, 8:

edixerunt ne quis quid fugae causa vendidisse neve emisse vellet,

id. 39, 17, 3. —

In imitation of official edicts: (vilicus) ne quid emisse velit insciente domino, neu quid domino celasse velit, the overseer must not buy any thing, etc., Cato, R. R. 5, 4:

interdico, ne extulisse extra aedis puerum usquam velis,

Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 48:

oscula praecipue nulla dedisse velis (= noli dare),

Ov. Am. 1, 4, 38:

ne quis humasse velit Ajacem, Atride, vetas? Cur?

Hor. S. 2, 3, 187.—

In affirmative sentences, implying command (in any mood or tense; mostly poet.): neminem nota strenui aut ignavi militis notasse volui, I have decided to mark no one, etc., Liv. 24, 16, 11: quia pepercisse vobis volunt, committere vos cur pereatis non patiuntur, because they have decided to spare you, etc., id. 32, 21, 33:

sunt delicta tamen quibus ignovisse velimus (= volumus),

which should be pardoned, Hor. A. P. 347.—

To represent the will as referring to a completed action.

In optative sentences with vellem or velim, v. II. B. 5. b. a, and II. C. 1. b.—

In other sentences ( poet. and post-class.): ex omnibus praediis ex quibus non hac mente recedimus ut omisisse possessionem velimus, with the will to abandon (omittere would denote the purpose to give up at some future time), Dig. 43, 16, 1, § 25; so,

an erit qui velle recuset Os populi meruisse?

Pers. 1, 41:

qui me volet incurvasse querela,

id. 1, 91.

With acc. and inf.

To wish (v. A. 1. a.).

With a different subject: hoc volo scire te: Perditus sum miser, I wish you to know, etc., Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 46:

deos volo consilia vostra vobis recte vortere,

id. Trin. 5, 2, 31:

emere oportet quem tibi oboedire velis,

id. Pers. 2, 4, 2:

scin' quid nunc te facere volo?

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 85:

si perpetuam vis esse adfinitatem hanc,

id. Hec. 2, 2, 10:

consul ille egit eas res quarum me participem esse voluit,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 17, 41:

vim volumus exstingui: jus valeat necesse est,

id. Sest. 42, 92:

nec mihi hunc errorem extorqueri volo,

id. Sen. 23, 85:

hoc te scire volui,

id. Att. 7, 18, 4:

harum causarum fuit justissima quod Germanos suis quoque rebus timere voluit,

Caes. B. G. 4, 16:

ut equites qui salvam esse rempublicam vellent ex equis desilirent,

Liv. 4, 38, 2:

si me vivere vis recteque videre valentem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 3:

si vis me flere, dolendum est Primum ipsi tibi,

id. A. P. 102.—With pass. inf. impers.:

regnari tamen omnes volebant,

that there should be a king, Liv. 1, 17, 3:

mihi volo ignosci,

I wish to be pardoned, Cic. Or. 1, 28, 130:

volt sibi quisque credi,

Liv. 22, 22, 14. —

With the same subject.

With inf. act.:

quae mihi est spes qua me vivere velim,

what hope have I, that I should wish to live? Plaut. Rud. 1, 3, 33:

volo me placere Philolachi,

id. Most. 1, 3, 11; cf. id. Trin. 2, 2, 47; id. Rud. 2, 6, 1:

judicem esse me, non doctorem volo,

Cic. Or. 33, 117:

vult, credo, se esse carum suis,

id. Sen. 20, 73; so id. Off. 1, 31, 113; id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; 2, 23, 95. —

With inf. pass.:

quod certiorem te vis fieri quo quisque in me animo sit,

Cic. Att. 11, 13, 1; cf. id. Fam. 1, 9, 18:

qui se ex his minus timidos existimari volebant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39; cf. id. B. C. 2, 29:

religionis se causa... Bacchis initiari velle,

Liv. 39, 10, 2:

Agrippae se nepotem neque credi neque dici volebat,

Suet. Calig. 22 fin. —

Of the will of superiors, gods, etc. (cf. A. 1. b. supra), I want, it is my will:

me absente neminem volo intromitti,

Plaut. Aul. 1, 3, 21:

viros nostros quibus tu voluisti esse nos matres familias,

id. Stich. 1, 2, 41; id. Most. 1, 4, 2; id. Rud. 4, 5, 9; id. Trin. 1, 2, 1:

pater illum alterum (filium) secum omni tempore volebat esse,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 42:

(deus) quinque reliquis motibus orbem esse voluit expertem,

id. Univ. 10; cf. id. Sest. 69, 147; id. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 57; 1, 5, 14:

causa mittendi fuit quod iter per Alpes... patefieri volebat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 1; cf. id. ib. 5, 9; id. B. C. 1, 4:

quippe (senatus) foedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat,

Sall. C. 19, 2:

nec (di) patefieri (crimina) ut impunita essent, sed ut vindicarentur voluerunt,

Liv. 39, 16, 11; cf. id. 1, 56, 3; 2, 28, 5; 25, 32, 6:

senatus... Romano sanguini pudicitiam tutam esse voluit,

Val. Max. 6, 1, 9; cf. id. 6, 9, 2.—So in the historians: quid fieri vellet (velit), after a verbum imperandi or declarandi, he gave his orders, explained his will:

quid fieri velit praecipit,

Caes. B. G. 5, 56:

ibi quid fieri vellet imperabat,

id. ib. 7, 16:

quid fieri vellet ostendit,

id. ib. 7, 27:

quae fieri vellet edocuit,

id. B. C. 3, 108; cf. id. B. G. 7, 45; id. B. C. 3, 78; 3, 89:

quid fieri vellet edixit,

Curt. 8, 10, 30; 4, 13, 24; Val. Max. 7, 4, 2.— Frequently majores voluerunt, it was the will of our ancestors, referring to ancient customs and institutions:

sacra Cereris summa majores nostri religione confici caerimoniaque voluerunt,

Cic. Balb. 24, 55: majores vestri ne vos quidem temere coire voluerunt, cf. id. ib. 17, 39; 23, 54; id. Agr. 2, 11, 26; id. Fl. 7, 15; id. Imp. Pomp. 13, 39; id. Div. 1, 45, 103; id. Font. 24, 30 (10, 20); id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70.—Of testamentary dispositions: cum Titius, heres meus, mortuus erit, volo hereditatem meam ad P. Mevium pertinere, Gai Inst. 2, 277. Except in the institution of the first heir: at illa (institutio) non est comprobata: Titum heredem esse volo, Gai Inst. 2, 117. —

Of the intention of a writer, etc., to want, to mean, intend:

Asinariam volt esse (nomen fabulae) si per vos licet,

Plaut. As. prol. 12:

Plautus hanc mihi gnatam esse voluit Inopiam,

has wanted Poverty to be my daughter, made her my daughter, id. Trin. prol. 9:

primumdum huic esse nomen Diphilus Cyrenas voluit,

id. Rud. prol. 33:

quae ipsi qui scripserunt voluerunt vulgo intellegi,

meant to be understood by all, Cic. Or. 2, 14, 60:

si non hoc intellegi volumus,

id. Fat. 18, 41:

quale intellegi vult Cicero cum dicit orationem suam coepisse canescere,

Quint. 11, 1, 31; so id. 9, 4, 82; 9, 3, 9:

quamquam illi (Prometheo) quoque ferreum anulum dedit antiquitas vinculumque id, non gestamen, intellegi voluit,

Plin. 33, 1, 4, § 8.—

To resolve:

Siculi... me defensorem calamitatum suarum... esse voluerunt,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 4, 11:

si a me causam hanc vos (judices) agi volueritis,

if you resolve, id. ib. 8, 25:

senatus te voluit mihi nummos, me tibi frumentum dare,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 85, § 196:

qua (statua) abjecta, basim tamen in foro manere voluerunt,

id. ib. 2, 2, 66, §

160: liberam debere esse Galliam quam (senatus) suis legibus uti voluisset,

Caes. B. G. 1, 45:

tu Macedonas tibi voluisti genua ponere, venerarique te ut deum,

Curt. 8 (7), 13.— Hence,

To order, command: erus meus tibi me salutem multam voluit dicere, has ordered me, etc., Plaut. Ps. 4, 2, 25:

montem quem a Labieno occupari voluerit,

which he had ordered to be occupied, Caes. B. G. 1, 22:

ibi futuros esse Helvetios ubi eos Caesar... esse voluisset,

id. ib. 1, 13 (for velitis jubeatis with inf.-clause, v. II. B. 5. d.).—

To consent, allow (cf. A. 1. I.):

obtinuere ut (tribuni) tribuniciae potestatis vires salubres vellent reipublicae esse,

they prevailed upon them to permit the tribunitian power to be wholesome to the republic, Liv. 2, 44, 5:

Hiero tutores... puero reliquit quos precatus est moriens ut juvenum suis potissimum vestigiis insistere vellent,

id. 24, 4, 5:

petere ut eum... publicae etiam curae ac velut tutelae vellent esse (i. e. senatus),

id. 42, 19, 5:

orare tribunos ut uno animo cum consulibus bellum ab urbe ac moenibus propulsari vellent,

id. 3, 69, 5:

quam superesse causam Romanis cur non... incolumis Syracusas esse velint?

id. 25, 28, 8:

si alter ex heredibus voluerit rem a legatario possideri, alter non, ei qui noluit interdictum competet,

Dig. 43, 3, 1, § 15.—So negatively = not to let, not to suffer:

cum P. Attio agebant ne sua pertinacia omnium fortunas perturbari vellet,

Caes. B. C. 2, 36.—

To be of opinion that something should be, to require, demand:

voluisti enim in suo genere unumquemque... esse Roscium,

Cic. Or. 1, 61, 258: eos exercitus quos contra se multos jam annos aluerint velle dimitti, he demanded the disbanding of, etc., Caes. B. C. 1, 85:

(Cicero) vult esse auctoritatem in verbis,

Quint. 8, 3, 43:

vult esse Celsus aliquam et superiorem compositionem,

id. 9, 4, 137:

si tantum irasci vis sapientem quantum scelerum indignitas exigit,

Sen. Ira, 2, 9, 4. —

To be of opinion that something is or was, = censere, dicere, but implying that the opinion is erroneous or doubtful, usu. in the third pers., sometimes in the second.

To imagine, consider:

est genus hominum qui esse se primos omnium rerum volunt, Nec sunt,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:

semper auget adsentator id quod is cujus ad voluntatem dicitur vult esse magnum,

Cic. Lael. 26, 98:

si quis patricius, si quis—quod illi volunt invidiosius esse—Claudius diceret,

Liv. 6, 40, 13.—

To be of opinion, to hold:

vultis, opinor, nihil esse... in natura praeter ignem,

Cic. N. D. 3, 14, 36:

volunt illi omnes... eadem condicione nasci,

id. Div. 2, 44, 93:

vultis evenire omnia fato,

id. ib. 2, 9, 24:

alteri censent, etc., alteri volunt a rebus fatum omne relegari,

id. Fat. 19, 45:

vultis a dis immortalibus hominibus dispertiri somnia,

id. N. D. 3, 39, 93; id. Tusc. 1, 10, 20; id. Fin. 3, 11, 36; id. Rep. 2, 26, 48:

volunt quidam... iram in pectore moveri effervescente circa cor sanguine,

Sen. Ira, 2, 19, 3.—

To say, assert:

si tam familiaris erat Clodiae quam tu esse vis,

as you say he is, Cic. Cael. 21, 53:

sit sane tanta quanta tu illam esse vis,

id. Or. 1, 55, 23:

ad pastum et ad procreandi voluptatem hoc divinum animal procreatum esse voluerunt: quo nihil mihi videtur esse absurdius,

id. Fin. 2, 13, 40; 2, 17, 55; 2, 42, 131; 2, 46, 142; id. Fat. 18, 41.—With perf. inf.:

Rhodi ego non fui: me vult fuisse,

Cic. Planc. 34, 84.—

To pretend, with perf. inf., both subjects denoting the same person:

unde homines dum se falso terrore coacti Effugisse volunt, etc.,

Lucr. 3, 69 (cf. A. 1. n. supra).—

To mean, with perf. inf.:

utrum scientem vultis contra foedera fecisse, an inscientem?

Cic. Balb. 5, 13.— With pres. inf.:

quam primum istud, quod esse vis?

what do you mean by as soon as possible? Sen. Ep. 117, 24.—

Rarely in the first pers., implying that the opinion is open to discussion:

ut et mihi, quae ego vellem non esse oratoris, concederes,

what according to my opinion is not the orator's province, Cic. Or. 1, 17, 74.—

In partic.

With things as subjects.

Things personified:

ne res publica quidem haec pro se suscipi volet,

would have such things done for it, Cic. Off. 1, 45, 159:

cui tacere grave sit, quod homini facillimum voluerit esse natura,

which nature willed should be easiest for man, Curt. 4, 6, 6: fortuna Q. Metellum... nasci in urbe terrarum principe voluit, fate ordained that, etc., Val. Max. 7, 1, 1: nihil rerum ipsa natura voluit magnum effici cito, it is the law of nature that, etc., Quint. 10, 3, 4:

quid non ingenio voluit natura licere?

what license did nature refuse to genius? Mart. 8, 68, 9:

me sine, quem semper voluit fortuna jacere,

Prop. 1, 6, 25:

hanc me militiam fata subire volunt,

id. 1, 6, 30.—

Of laws, to provide:

duodecim tabulae nocturnum furem... interfici impune voluerunt,

Cic. Mil. 3, 9:

lex duodecim tabularum tignum aedibus junctum... solvi prohibuit, pretiumque ejus dari voluit,

Dig. 46, 3, 98, § 8 fin. (cf. Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21, b. a, infra).—

With perf. pass. inf., to represent a state or result wished for.

The inf. being in full, with esse expressed: si umquam quemquam di immortales voluere esse auxilio adjutum, tum me et Calidorum servatum volunt, if it ever was the will of the gods that any one should be assisted, etc., Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 1: Corinthum patres vestri, totius Graeciae lumen, exstinctum esse voluerunt, it was their will that Corinth should be ( and remain) destroyed, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 5, 11:

nostri... leges et jura tecta esse voluerunt,

id. Or. 1, 59, 253:

propter eam partem epistulae tuae per quam te et mores tuos purgatos et probatos esse voluisti,

id. Att. 1, 17, 7; id. Fin. 4, 27, 76; id. de Or. 1, 51, 221:

daturum se operam ne cujus suorum popularium mutatam secum fortunam esse vellent,

Liv. 21, 45, 6: for velle redundant in this construction, v. II. A. 2. 3. infra.—With pass. inf. impers.:

sociis maxime lex consultum esse vult,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21.—

With ellips. of esse (cf. Quint. 9, 3, 9): perdis me tuis dictis. Cu. Imo, servo et servatum volo, and mean that you should remain saved, Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 56:

aunt qui volum te conventam,

who want to see you, id. Cist. 4, 2, 39:

eidem homini, si quid recte cura tum velis, mandes,

if you want to have anything done well, id. As. 1, 1, 106:

sed etiam est paucis vos quod monitos voluerim,

id. Capt. prol. 53: id nunc res indicium haeo [p. 2007] facit, quo pacto factum volueris, this shows now why you wished this to be done, Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 31 (cf. Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 33; id. Aul. 3, 5, 30, II. B. 1, b, and II. B. 3. b. infra): domestica cura te levatum volo, I wish to see you relieved, etc., Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 3:

nulla sedes quo concurrant qui rem publicam defensam velint,

id. Att. 8, 3, 4:

rex celatum voluerat (i. e. donum),

id. Verr. 2, 4, 28, § 64:

Hannibal non Capuam neglectam, neque desertos volebat socios,

Liv. 25, 20, 5; 2, 15, 2; 2, 44, 3; 3, 21, 4; 22, 7, 4;

26, 31, 6: contemptum hominis quem destructum volebat,

Quint. 8, 3, 21:

si te non emptam vellet, emendus erat,

Ov. Am. 1, 8, 34 (so with velle redundant, v. II. A. 1. d., and II. A. 3. infra).—Both subjects denoting the same person:

velle Pompeium se Caesari purgatum,

Caes. B. C. 1, 8.— Esp., with pass. inf. impers.: alicui consultum velle, to take care for or advocate somebody's interests:

liberis consultum volumus propter ipsos,

Cic. Fin. 3, 17, 57:

obliviscere illum aliquando adversario tuo voluisse consultum,

id. Att. 16, 16 C, 10:

quibus tribuni plebis nunc consultum repente volunt,

Liv. 5, 5, 3; so id. 25, 25, 17:

quamquam senatus subventum voluit heredibus,

Dig. 36, 1, 1, § 4; so with dep. part., used passively:

volo amori ejus obsecutum,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 63.—

With predic. adj., without copula.

The subjects being different (mostly aliquem salvum velle):

si me vivum vis, pater, Ignosce,

if you wish me to live, Ter. Heaut. 5, 5, 7:

ille, si me alienus adfinem volet, Tacebit,

id. Phorm. 4, 1, 16:

ut tu illam salvam magis velis quam ego,

id. Hec. 2, 2, 17; 3, 5, 14:

quoniam ex tota provincia soli sunt qui te salvum velint,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 67, § 150:

irent secum extemplo qui rempublicam salvam vellent,

Liv. 22, 53, 7.—

Both subjects denoting the same person (virtually = object infinitive):

in occulto jacebis quom te maxime clarum voles (= clarus esse voles),

when you will most wish to be famous, Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 38:

volo me patris mei similem,

I wish to be like my father, id. As. 1, 1, 54: ut iste qui se vult dicacem et mehercule est, Appius, who means to be witty, etc., Cic. Or. 2, 60, 246:

qui vero se populares volunt,

who mean to be popular, id. Off. 2, 22, 78:

ut integrum se salvumque velit,

id. Fin. 2, 11, 33:

ut (omne animal) se et salvum in suo genere incolumeque vellet,

id. ib. 4, 8, 19. —

With an inf.-clause understood.

Velle, to wish: utinam hinc abierit in malam crucem! Ad. Ita nos velle aequom est (ita = eum abire, etc.), Plaut. Poen. 4, 1, 5:

stulta es, soror, magis quam volo (i.e. te esse),

id. Pers. 4, 4, 78; id. Trin. 1, 2, 8; 2, 4, 175; id. Stich. 1, 1, 13; id. Ps. 1, 5, 55:

senatum non quod sentiret, sed quod ego vellem decernere,

Cic. Mil. 5, 12:

neque enim facile est ut irascatur cui tu velis judex (= cui tu eum irasci velis),

id. Or. 2, 45, 190; cf. id. Sest. 38, 82.—

Referring to the will of superiors, etc.:

deos credo voluisse, nam ni vellent, non fieret,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 46: jamne abeo? St. Volo (sc. te abire), so I will, id. Cas. 2, 8, 57; cf. id. Mil. 4, 6, 12; id. Merc. 2, 3, 33.—

To mean, intend (v. B. 3.):

acutum etiam illud est cum ex alterius oratione aliud atque ille vult (sc. te excipere),

Cic. Or. 2, 67, 273.—

To require, demand (v B. 7.):

veremur quidem vos, Romani, et, si ita vultis, etiam timemus,

Liv. 39, 37, 17;

and of things as subjects: cadentque vocabula, si volet usus (i. e. ea cadere),

Hor. A. P. 71.—

To be of opinion, will have (v. B. 8.):

ergo ego, inimicus, si ita vultis, homini, amicus esse rei publicae debeo,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 8, 19:

nam illi regi tolerabili, aut, si voltis, etiam amabili, Cyro,

id. Rep. 1, 28, 44; id. Fin. 2, 27, 89; 3, 4, 12; id. Cael. 21, 53; Liv. 21, 10, 7; Quint. 2, 17, 41.—

With ellips. of predic. inf. (v. A. 2. b.): cras de reliquiis nos volo (i. e. cenare), it is my intention that we dine, etc., Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 40:

volo Varronem (i. e. hos libros habere),

Cic. Att. 13, 25, 3.

With ut, ne, or ut ne.

With ut.

To wish:

volo ut quod jubebo facias,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 65:

quia enim id maxime volo ut illi istac confugiant,

id. Most. 5, 1, 49:

ut mihi aedes aliquas conducat volo,

id. Merc. 3, 2, 17: hoc prius volo meam rem agere. Th. Quid id est? Ph. Ut mihi hanc despondeas, id. Curc. 5, 2, 71: quid vis, nisi ut maneat Phanium? Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 8:

velim ut tibi amicus sit,

Cic. Att. 10, 16, 1:

quare id quoque velim... ut sit qui utamur,

id. ib. 11, 11, 2:

maxime vellem, judices, ut P. Sulla... modestiae fructum aliquem percipere potuisset,

id. Sull. 1, 1:

equidem vellem uti pedes haberent (res tuae),

id. Fam. 7, 33, 2:

his ut sit digna puella volo,

Mart. 11, 27, 14.—Both subjects denoting the same person: volueram, inquit, ut quam plurimum tecum essem, Brut. ap. Cic. Att. 13, 38, 1.—

It is the will of, to want, ordain (v. B. 2.):

at ego deos credo voluisse ut apud te me in nervo enicem,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 17: numquid me vis? Le. Ut valeas, id. Cist. 1, 1, 120: numquid vis? Ps. Dormitum ut abeas, id. Ps. 2, 2, 70:

volo ut mihi respondeas,

Cic. Vatin. 6, 14; 7, 17; 7, 18; 9, 21;

12, 29: nuntia Romanis, caelestes ita velle ut mea Roma caput orbis terrarum sit,

Liv. 1, 16, 7.—

To intend, it is the purpose, aim, etc., the two subjects being the same:

id quaerunt, volunt haec ut infecta faciant,

Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 9.—

With other verbs:

quod peto et volo parentes meos ut commonstres mihi,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 4:

quasi vero aut populus Romanus hoc voluerit, aut senatus tibi hoc mandaverit ut... privares,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 19, § 48;

with opto,

id. Imp. Pomp. 16, 48;

with laboro,

Liv. 42, 14, 3;

with aequum censere,

id. 39, 19, 7.—

With ne:

at ne videas velim,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 23:

quid nunc vis? ut opperiare hos sex dies saltem modo, ne illam vendas, neu me perdas, etc.,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 102:

credibile est hoc voluisse legumlatorem, ne auxilia liberorum innocentibus deessent,

intended, Quint. 7, 1, 56.—

With ut ne: quid nunc tibi vis? Mi. Ut quae te cupit, eam ne spernas, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 60.

With subjunct. of dependent verb (mostly ante-class.; class. and freq. with velim and vellem; but in Cic. mostly epistolary and colloquial).

To wish:

ergo animum advortas volo,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 23; 2, 3, 28; 2, 3, 70:

volo amet me patrem,

id. As. 1, 1, 63 dub.:

hoc volo agatis,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 83:

ducas volo hodie uxorem,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 14:

quid vis faciam?

Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 49; Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 24; Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 64; 2, 3, 65; 2, 6, 65; 3, 3, 3; id. Ps. 4, 1, 17; 4, 7, 19; id. Cas. 2, 3, 56; id. Capt. 1, 2, 12; id. Poen. 3, 2, 16; id. Pers. 2, 4, 23; id. Rud. 5, 2, 45; 5, 3, 58; id. Stich. 5, 2, 21; Ter. Heaut. 4, 6, 14:

volo etiam exquiras quam diligentissime poteris quid Lentulus agat?

Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:

Othonem vincas volo,

id. ib. 13, 29, 2:

eas litteras volo habeas,

id. ib. 13, 32, 3:

visne igitur videamus quidnam sit, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 10, 15: visne igitur descendatur ad Lirim? id. Fragm. ap. Macr. S. 6, 4:

volo, inquis, sciat,

Sen. Ben. 2, 10, 2.—

To be of opinion that something should be, demand, require (v. B. 7.): volo enim se efferat in adulescentia fecunditas, I like to see, etc., Cic. Or. 2, 21, 88:

volo hoc oratori contingat ut, etc.,

id. Brut. 84, 290.—

With subj.-clause understood:

abi atque obsona, propera! sed lepide volo (i. e. obsones),

Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 55.

With object nouns, etc.

With acc. of a thing.

With a noun, to want, wish for, like to have:

voltisne olivas, aut pulmentum, aut capparim?

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 90:

animo male est: aquam velim,

id. Am. 5, 1, 6:

quia videt me suam amicitiam velle,

id. Aul. 2, 3, 68; so,

gratiam tuam,

id. Curc. 2, 3, 52; 2, 3, 56:

aquam,

id. ib. 2, 3, 34:

discidium,

Ter. And. 4, 2, 14: nullam ego rem umquam in vita mea Volui quin tu in ea re mihi advorsatrix fueris, I never had any wish in my life, etc., id. Heaut. 5, 3, 5: (dixit) velle Hispaniam, he wanted Spain, i. e. as a province, Cic. Att. 12, 7, 1:

mihi frumento non opus est: nummos volo,

I want the money, id. Verr. 2, 3, 85, § 196:

non poterat scilicet negare se velle pacem,

id. Att. 15, 1 a, 3; cf. id. ib. 13, 32, 2 (v. II. C. 4. infra):

si amplius obsidum (= plures obsides) vellet, dare pollicentur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 9 fin.:

pacem etiam qui vincere possunt, volunt,

Liv. 7, 40, 18:

ferunt (eum)... honestum finem voluisse,

Tac. A. 6, 26:

cum Scipio veram vellet et sine exceptione victoriam,

Flor. 1, 33 (2, 18), 12:

mensae munera si voles secundae, Marcentes tibi porrigentur uvae,

Mart. 5, 78, 11.—

Neutr. adjj., denoting things, substantively used: utrum vis opta, dum licet. La. Neutrum volo, Plaut. Ps. 3, 6, 16:

quorum isti neutrum volunt,

acknowledge neither, Cic. Fat. 12, 28:

voluimus quaedam, contendimus... Obtenta non sunt,

we aspired to certain things, id. Balb. 27, 61:

restat ut omnes unum velint,

hold one opinion, id. Marcell. 10, 32:

si plura velim,

if I wished for more, Hor. C. 3, 16, 38:

per quod probemus aliud legislatorem voluisse,

that the law-giver intended something different, Quint. 7, 6, 8:

ut putent, aliud quosdam dicere, aliud velle,

that they say one thing and mean another, id. 9, 2, 85:

utrum is qui scripsit... voluerit,

which of the two was meant by the author, id. 7, 9, 15:

ut nemo contra id quod vult dicit, ita potest melius aliquid velle quam dicit,

mean better than he speaks, id. 9, 2, 89:

quis enim pudor omnia velle?

to desire every thing, Mart. 12, 94, 11.—

With neutr. demonstr. expressed or understood, to want, intend, aim at, like, will:

immo faenus: id primum volo,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 64:

proximum quod sit bono... id volo,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 22:

nisi ea quae tu vis volo,

unless my purpose is the same as yours, id. Ep. 2, 2, 82:

siquidem id sapere'st, velle te id quod non potest contingere,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 83:

hoc (i. e. otium cum dignitate) qui volunt omnes optimates putantur,

who aim at this, Cic. Sest. 45, 98:

privatum oportet in re publica ea velle quae tranquilla et honesta sint,

id. Off. 1, 34, 124:

quid est sapientia? Semper idem velle atque idem nolle,

Sen. Ep. 20, 5:

pudebit eadem velle quae volueras puer,

id. ib. 27, 2:

nec volo quod cruciat, nec volo quod satiat,

Mart. 1, 57, 4.—With demonstr. in place of inf.-clause:

hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridae (sc. poenas in me sumi),

Verg. A. 2, 104:

hoc velit Eurystheus, velit hoc germana Tonantis (sc. verum esse, Herculem, etc.),

Ov. H. 9, 7; Hor. S. 2, 3, 88.—

With neutr. of interrog. pron.: quid nunc vis? Am. Sceleste, at etiam quid velim, id tu me rogas? what do you want now? Plaut. Am. 4, 2, 5:

eloquere quid velis,

id. Cas. 2, 4, 2: heus tu! Si. Quid vis? id. Ps. 4, 7, 21; so Ter. Eun. 2, 1, 11; cf. Hor. S. 2, 3, 152:

sed plane quid velit nescio,

what his intentions are, Cic. Att. 15, 1 a, 5; id. de Or. 2, 20, 84:

mittunt etiam ad dominos qui quaerant quid velint,

to ask for their orders, id. Tusc. 2, 17, 41:

quid? Si haec... ipsius amici judicarunt? Quid amplius vultis?

what more do you require, will you have? id. Verr. 2, 3, 65, § 152:

quid amplius vis?

Hor. Epod. 17, 30:

spectatur quid voluerit scriptor,

we find out the author's intention, Quint. 7, 10, 1.—Sometimes quid vult = quid sibi vult (v. 4. b.), to mean, signify:

capram illam suspicor jam invenisse... quid voluerit,

what it signified, Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 30:

sed tamen intellego quid velit,

Cic. Fin. 2, 31, 101:

quid autem volunt ea di immortales significantes quae sine interpretibus non possimus intellegere? etc.,

id. Div. 2, 25, 54.—Of things as subjects:

hunc ensem mittit tibi... Et jubet ex merito scire quid iste velit,

Ov. H. 11, 96.—

With rel. pron.:

quod volui, ut volui, impetravi... a Philocomasio,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 5, 1:

ut quod frons velit oculi sciant,

that the eyes know what the forehead wants, id. Aul. 4, 1, 13:

illi quae volo concedere,

to yield to him my wishes, id. Cas. 2, 3, 49:

si illud quod volumus dicitur,

what we like, id. Truc. 1, 2, 95:

multa eveniunt homini quae volt, quae nevolt,

id. Trin. 2, 2, 84; id. Ep. 2, 2, 4:

quamquam (litterae tuae) semper aliquid adferunt quod velim,

Cic. Att. 11, 11, 1:

quae vellem quaeque sentirem dicendi,

id. Marcell. 1, 1:

uti ea quae vellent impetrarent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

satis animi ad id quod tam diu vellent,

to carry out what they had desired so long, Liv. 4, 54, 5:

sed quod volebant non... expediebant,

their purpose, id. 24, 23, 9. —Idiomatically: quod volo = quod demonstrare volo, what I intend to prove:

illud quod volumus expressum est, ut vaticinari furor vera soleat,

Cic. Div. 1, 31, 67:

bis sumpsit quod voluit,

he has twice begged the question, id. ib. 2, 52, 107.—With indef. relations:

cornucopia ubi inest quidquid volo,

whatever I wish for, Plaut. Ps. 2, 3, 5:

Caesar de Bruto solitus est dicere: magni refert hic quid velit, sed quidquid volt, valde volt,

whatever he wills he wills strongly, Cic. Att. 14, 1, 2.—

With indef. pronn.

Si quid vis, if you want any thing: illo praesente mecum agito si quid voles, [p. 2008] Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 72: Py. Adeat si quid volt. Pa. Si quid vis, adi, mulier, id. Mil. 4, 2, 47:

eumque Alexander cum rogaret, si quid vellet, ut diceret,

id. Or. 2, 66, 266; Caes. B. G. 1, 7 fin. —

Nisi quid vis, unless you wish to give some order, to make some remark, etc.:

ego eo ad forum nisi quid vis,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 94:

nunc de ratione videamus, nisi quid vis ad haec,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 18, 42.—

Numquid vis or ecquid vis? have you any orders to give? a formula used by inferiors before leaving their superiors; cf. Don. ad Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 39:

visunt, quid agam, ecquid velim,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 113:

numquid vis aliud?

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 111; 1, 2, 106; id. Ad. 2, 2, 39; 3, 3, 78; id. Hec. 2, 2, 30:

numquid vellem rogavit,

Cic. Att. 6, 3, 6:

frequentia rogantium num quid vellet,

Liv. 6, 34, 7:

rogavit num quid in Sardiniam vellet. Te puto saepe habere qui num quid Romam velis quaerant,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 1.—

With acc. of the person: aliquem velle.

To want somebody, i. e. in order to see him, to speak with him (ante-class. and colloq.):

Demenaetum volebam,

I wanted, wished to see, Demenoetus, Plaut. As. 2, 3, 12:

bona femina et malus masculus volunt te,

id. Cist. 4, 2, 40:

solus te solum volo,

id. Capt. 3, 4, 70:

quia non est intus quem ego volo,

id. Mil. 4, 6, 40:

hae oves volunt vos,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 24:

quis me volt? Perii, pater est,

Ter. And. 5, 3, 1:

centuriones trium cohortium me velle postridie,

Cic. Att. 10, 16, 4.—With paucis verbis or paucis, for a few words ( moments):

volo te verbis pauculis,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 28:

sed paucis verbis te volo, Palaestrio,

id. Mil. 2, 4, 22:

Sosia, Adesdum, paucis te volo,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 2.—

To love, like somebody, to be fond of somebody (anteclass. and poet.):

hanc volo (= amo),

Plaut. As. 5, 1, 18:

sine me amare unum Argyrippum... quem volo,

id. ib. 3, 2, 38:

quom quae te volt, eamdem tu vis,

id. Mil. 4, 2, 80:

aut quae (vitia) corpori' sunt ejus siquam petis ac vis,

Lucr. 4, 1152:

quam volui nota fit arte mea,

Ov. Am. 1, 10, 60: nolo virum, facili redimit qui sanguine famam: hunc volo, laudari qui sine morte potest, I like the one who, etc., Mart. 1, 8, 6.—

To wish to have:

roga, velitne an non uxorem,

whether he wishes to have his wife or not, Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 43:

ut sapiens velit gerere rem publicam, atque... uxorem adjungere, et velle ex ea liberos (anacoluth.),

Cic. Fin. 3, 20, 68.—

With two accusatives: (narrato) illam te amare et velle uxorem,

that you wish to have her as your wife, Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 25; cf. id. Phorm. 1, 2, 65.—

With two accusatives, of the person and the thing: aliquem aliquid velle, to want something of somebody (cf.: aliquem aliquid rogare; mostly ante-class.;

not in Cic.): numquid me vis?

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 120:

face certiorem me quid meus vir me velit,

id. Cas. 2, 6, 1:

num quidpiam me vis aliud?

id. Truc. 2, 4, 81:

nunc verba in pauca conferam quid te velim,

id. As. 1, 1, 74:

narrabit ultro quid sese velis,

id. Ps. 2, 4, 60:

quid me voluisti?

id. Mil. 4, 2, 35:

numquid aliud me vis?

Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 101:

quin tu uno verbo dic quid est quod me velis,

id. And. 1, 1, 18; Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 85; id. Cist. 2, 3, 49; id. As. 2, 3, 12; id. Merc. 5, 2, 27; id. Pers. 4, 6, 11; Ter. Heaut. 4, 8, 31; id. Phorm. 2, 4, 18; id. Eun. 2, 3, 47; id. Hec. 3, 4, 15:

si quid ille se velit, illum ad se venire oportere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 34:

cum mirabundus quidnam (Taurea) sese vellet, resedisset Flaccus, Me quoque, inquit, etc.,

Liv. 26, 15, 11; also, I want to speak with somebody (v. 2. a. a):

paucis, Euclio, est quod te volo,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 22:

est quod te volo secreto,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 33.—

With acc. of thing and dat. of the person: aliquid alicui velle, to wish something to somebody (= cupio aliquid alicui; v. cupio;

rare): quamquam vobis volo quae voltis, mulieres,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 1:

si ex me illa liberos vellet sibi,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 33:

praesidium velle se senectuti suae,

id. ib. 1, 2, 44:

nihil est mali quod illa non initio filio voluerit, optaverit,

Cic. Clu. 66, 188:

rem Romanam huc provectam ut externis quoque gentibus quietem velit,

Tac. A. 12, 11:

cui ego omnia meritissimo volo et debeo,

to whom I give and owe my best wishes, Quint. 9, 2, 35.—Esp., in the phrase quid vis (vult) with reflex. dat. of interest, lit. what do you want for yourself?

Quid tibi vis = quid vis, the dat. being redundant (rare):

quid aliud tibi vis?

what else do you want? Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 90.—With quisque:

haud ita vitam agerent ut nunc plerumque videmus Quid sibi quisque velit nescire,

be ignorant as to their own aims and purposes, Lucr. 3, 1058.—

What do you mean? what do you drive at? what is your scope, object, drift (rare in post-Aug. writers; Don. ad Ter. Eun. prol. 45, declares it an archaism).

In 1 st pers. (rare):

nunc quid processerim huc, et quid mihi voluerim dicam,

and what I meant thereby, what was the purpose of my coming, Plaut. As. prol. 6:

quid mihi volui? quid mihi nunc prodest bona voluntas?

Sen. Ben. 4, 21, 6.—

In 2 d pers.:

quid nunc tibi vis, mulier, memora,

what is the drift of your talk? Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 60: sed quid nunc tibi vis? what do you want to come at (i.e. by your preamble)? id. Poen. 1, 1, 24: quid tu tibi vis? Ego non tangam meam? what do you mean? i. e. what is your purpose? Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 28:

quid tibi vis? quid cum illa rei tibi est?

id. ib. 4, 7, 34:

quid est quod sic gestis? quid sibi hic vestitus quaerit? Quid est quod laetus sis? quid tibi vis?

what do you mean by all this? id. ib. 3, 5, 11:

quid est, inepta? quid vis tibi? quid rides?

id. ib. 5, 6, 6:

quid vis tibi? Quid quaeris?

id. Heaut. 1, 1, 9: Ph. Fabulae! Ch. Quid vis tibi? id. Phorm. 5, 8, 53:

roganti ut se in Asiam praefectum duceret, Quid tibi vis, inquit, insane,

Cic. Or. 2, 67, 269; so in 2 d pers. plur.:

pro deum fidem, quid vobis vultis?

Liv. 3, 67, 7.—

In 3 d pers.:

quid igitur sibi volt pater? cur simulat?

Ter. And. 2, 3, 1:

quid hic volt veterator sibi?

id. ib. 2, 6, 26:

proinde desinant aliquando me isdem inflare verbis: quid sibi iste vult?... Cur ornat eum a quo desertus est?

Cic. Dom. 11, 29:

quid sibi vellet (Caesar)? cur in suas possessiones veniret?

Caes. B. G. 1, 44 med.:

conicere in eum oculos, mirantes quid sibi vellet (i. e. by courting the plebeians),

Liv. 3, 35, 5:

qui quaererent quid sibi vellent qui armati Aventinum obsedissent,

id. 3, 50, 15:

quid sibi voluit providentia quae Aridaeum regno imposuit?

Sen. Ben. 4, 31, 1: volt, non volt dare Galla mihi, nec dicere possum quod volt et non volt, quid sibi Galla velit, Mart: 3, 90, 2.—

Transf. of things as subjects, what means, what signifies? quid volt sibi, Syre, haec oratio? Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 2:

ut pernoscatis quid sibi Eunuchus velit,

id. Eun. prol. 45:

quid ergo illae sibi statuae equestres inauratae volunt?

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 61, § 150:

quid haec sibi horum civium Romanorum dona voluerunt?

id. ib. 2, 3, 80, §

186: avaritia senilis quid sibi velit, non intellego,

what is the meaning of the phrase, id. Sen. 18, 66:

quid ergo illa sibi vult pars altera orationis qua Romanos a me cultos ait?

Liv. 40, 12, 14:

tacitae quid vult sibi noctis imago?

Ov. M. 9, 473.—

Bene or male alicui velle, to wish one well or ill, to like or dislike one (ante-class. and poet.): Ph. Bene volt tibi. St. Nequam est illud verbum bene volt, nisi qui bene facit, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 37 sq.:

jam diu ego huic bene et hic mihi volumus,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 4:

ut tibi, dum vivam, bene velim plus quam mihi,

id. Cas. 2, 8, 30:

egone illi ut non bene vellem?

id. Truc. 2, 4, 90; cf. id. ib. 2, 4, 95; id. Merc. 2, 1, 21; id. Ps. 4, 3, 7; id. Poen. 3, 3, 9:

nisi quod tibi bene ex animo volo,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 6:

quo tibi male volt maleque faciet,

Plaut. Pers. 5, 2, 44:

atque isti etiam parum male volo,

id. Truc. 5, 7; cf. id. As. 5, 1, 13:

utinam sic sient qui mihi male volunt,

Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 13:

non sibi male vult,

he does not dislike himself, Petr. 38; so, melius or optime alicui velle, to like one better or best:

nec est quisquam mihi aeque melius quoi vellem,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 42; id. Merc. 5, 2, 57:

illi ego ex omnibus optime volo,

id. Most. 1, 4, 24.—And bene velle = velle: bene volueris in precatione augurali Messalla augur ait, significare volueris, Fest. s. v. bene sponsis, p. 351.—

With abl.: alicujus causa velle, to like one for his own sake, i. e. personally, a Ciceronian phrase, probably inst. of omnia alicujus causa velle; lit. to wish every thing (i.e. good) in somebody's behalf.

With omnia expressed: etsi mihi videor intellexisse cum tecum de re M. Annaeii locutus sum, te ipsius causa vehementer omnia velle, tamen, etc.... ut non dubitem quin magnus cumulus accedat commenda tionis meae, Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1:

repente coepit dicere, se omnia Verris causa velle,

that he had the most friendly disposition towards Verres, id. Verr. 2, 2, 26, § 64:

accedit eo quod Varro magnopere ejus causa vult omnia,

id. Fam. 13, 22, 1.—

Without omnia:

per eos qui nostra causa volunt, valentque apud illum,

Cic. Att. 11, 8, 1:

sed et Phameae causa volebam,

id. ib. 13, 49, 1:

etsi te ipsius Attici causa velle intellexeram,

id. ib. 16, 16, A, 6:

valde enim ejus causa volo,

id. Fam. 16, 17, 2 fin.:

illud non perficis quo minus tua causa velim,

id. ib. 3, 7, 6;

12, 7, 1: si me velle tua causa putas,

id. ib. 7, 17, 2:

regis causa si qui sunt qui velint,

id. ib. 1, 1, 1:

credo tua causa velle Lentulum,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 4, 5; id. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21; cf. id. Imp. Pomp. (v. C. 1. b. supra), where the phrase has its literal meaning; cf. also: alicujus causa (omnia) cupere; v. cupio.—

With acc. and subjunct. per ecthesin (ante-class.): nunc ego illum meum virum veniat velim (by mixture of constructions: meum virum velim; and:

meus vir veniat velim),

Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 29:

nunc ego Simonidem mi obviam veniat velim,

id. Ps. 4, 5, 10:

nimis hercle ego illum corvum ad me veniat velim,

id. Aul. 4, 6, 4:

saltem aliquem velim qui mihi ex his locis viam monstret,

id. Rud. 1, 3, 35:

patrem atque matrem viverent vellem tibi,

id. Poen. 5, 2, 106; cf. id. Merc. 2, 1, 30 (v. E. 1. d. supra).

Velle used absolutely, variously rendered to will, have a will, wish, consent, assent:

quod vos, malum... me sic ludificamini? Nolo volo, volo nolo rursum,

I nill I will, I will I nill again, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 57: novi ingenium mulierum: Nolunt ubi velis, ubi nolis cupiunt ultro, they will not where you will, etc., id. Eun. 4, 7, 43:

quis est cui velle non liceat?

who is not free to wish? Cic. Att. 7, 11. 2:

in magnis et voluisse sat est,

Prop. 2, 10 (3, 1), 6:

tarde velle nolentis est,

slow ness in consenting betrays the desire to refuse, Sen. Ben. 2, 5, 4:

quae (animalia) nullam injuriam nobis faciunt, quia velle non possunt, id. Ira, 2, 26, 4: ejus est nolle qui potest velle,

the power to assent implies the power to dissent, Dig. 50, 17, 3.—So velle substantively:

sed ego hoc ipsum velle miserius duco quam in crucem tolli,

that very wishing, Cic. Att. 7, 11, 2: inest enim velle in carendo, the word carere implies the notion of a wish, id. Tusc. 1, 36, 88:

velle ac posse in aequo positum erat,

his will and power were balanced, Val. Max. 6, 9, ext. 5:

velle tuum nolo, Didyme, nolle volo,

Mart. 5, 83, 2:

velle suum cuique est,

each has his own likings, Pers. 5, 53.

In partic.

Redundant, when the will to do is identified with the act itself.

In imperative sentences.

In independent sentences introduced by noli velle, where noli has lost the idea of volition:

nolite, judices, hunc velle maturius exstingui vulnere vestro quam suo fato,

do not resolve, Cic. Cael. 32, 79:

nolite igitur id velle quod fieri non potest,

id. Phil. 7, 8, 25: qui timor bonis omnibus injectus sit... nolite a me commoneri velle, do not wish, expect, to be reminded by me, etc., id. Mur. 25, 50: nolite hunc illi acerbum nuntium velle perferri, let it not be your decision that, etc., id. Balb. 28, 64: cujus auspicia pro vobis experti nolite adversus vos velle experiri, do not desire, etc., Liv. 7, 40, 16:

noli adversum eos me velle ducere, etc.,

Nep. Att. 4, 2.—

Ne velis or ne velit fecisse = ne feceris, or ne facito (v. I. A. 3. a. supra).—So ne velis with pres. inf.:

neve, revertendi liber, abesse velis (= neve abfueris),

Ov. H. 1, 80.—

In affirmative imperative sentences (velim esse = esto;

rare): tu tantum fida sorori Esse velis (= fida esto or sis),

Ov. M. 2, 745; and in 3 d pers.:

di procul a cunctis... Hujus notitiam gentis habere velint (= habeant),

id. P. 1, 7, 8:

credere modo qui discet velit (= credat qui discet),

Quint. 8, prooem. 12. —

In clauses dependent on verbs of commanding and wishing:

aut quia significant divam praedicere ut armis Ac virtute velint patriam defendere terram (= ut defendant),

Lucr. 2, 641: precor quaesoque ne ante oculos patris facere et pati omnia infanda velis (= facias et patiaris). Liv. 23, 9, 2:

monentes ne experiri vellet imperium cujus vis, etc.,

id. 2, 59, 4; 39, 13, 2:

et mea... opto Vulnera qui fecit facta levare velit,

Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 18: nos contra (oravimus) [p. 2009]... ne vertere secum Cuncta pater fatoque urguenti incumbere vellet, Verg. A. 2, 653. —With pass. perf. inf. (v. I. B. 9. b. b):

legati Sullam orant ut filii innocentis fortunas conservatas velit (virtually = fortunas conservet),

Cic. Rosc. Am. 9, 25:

a te peto ut utilitatem sociorum per te quam maxime defensam et auctam velis (= defendas et augeas),

id. Fam. 13, 9, 3.—So after utinam or ut:

utinam illi qui prius eum viderint me apud eum velint adjutum tantum quantum ego vellem si quid possem (= utinam illi me adjuvent quantum ego adjuvarem, etc.),

id. Att. 11, 7, 7:

cautius ut saevo velles te credere Marti (= utinam te credidisses),

Verg. A. 11, 153:

edictum praemittit ad quam diem magistratus... sibi esse praesto Cordubae vellet (= sibi praesto essent),

Caes. B. C. 1, 19 (cf. also I. B. 9. b. b, and I. B. 2. fin. supra).—

In conditional clauses, si facere velim = si faciam, often rendered by the potential or future auxiliaries would or will:

non tu scis, Bacchae bacchanti si velis advorsarier, ex insana insaniorem facies? (= si advorseris),

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 80:

si meum Imperium exsequi voluisset, interemptam oportuit (= si executus esset),

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 22:

si id confiteri velim, tamen istum condemnetis necesse est (= si id confitear),

if I would acknowledge, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 45:

si quis velit ita dicere... nihil dicat (= si quis dicat),

id. Fat. 14, 32:

dies deficiat si velim numerare, etc.,

id. N. D. 3, 32, 81;

so,

id. Tusc. 5, 35, 102; id. Verr. 2, 2, 21, § 52:

qua in sententia si constare voluissent, suam auctoritatem... recuperassent,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 14; id. Verr. 2, 1, 11, § 31; id. Lael. 20, 75:

conicere potestis, si recordari volueritis quanta, etc.,

if you will remember, id. Verr. 2, 4, 58, § 129; so id. Or. 1, 44, 197; id. Brut. 1, 2, 5:

quod si audire voletis externa, maximas res publicas ab adulescentibus labefactatas reperietis,

id. Sen. 6, 20; so id. Or. 1, 60, 256; 2, 23, 95:

ejus me compotem voti vos facere potestis, si meminisse vultis, non vos in Samnio, etc.,

Liv. 7, 40, 5; 23, 13, 6; 23, 15, 4: cum olera Diogeni lavanti Aristippus dixisset: si Dionysium adulare velles, ista non esses;

Imo, inquit, si tu ista esse velles, non adulares Dionysium,

Val. Max. 4, 3, ext. 4:

ut si his (legibus) perpetuo uti voluissent, sempiternum habituri fuerint imperium,

id. 5, 3, ext. 3:

quid enim si mirari velit, non in silvestribus dumis poma pendere,

Sen. Ira, 2, 10, 6; cf. Curt. 5, 1, 1; 3, 5, 6; Ov. H. 17 (18), 43.—With perf. inf. pass.:

nisi ea (opera) certi auctores monumentis suis testata esse voluissent,

Val. Max. 3, 2, 24.—

In declarative sentences.

Volo in 1 st pers. with perf. pass. inf. or part. (volo oratum esse or oratum = oro; v. I. B. 9. b. a and b):

vos omnes opere magno esse oratos volo benigne ut operam detis, etc.,

Plaut. Cas. prol. 21:

justam rem et facilem esse oratam a vobis volo,

id. Am. prol. 33:

illud tamen te esse admonitum volo, etc.,

Cic. Cael. 3, 8:

sed etiam est paucis vos quod monitos voluerim,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 53:

illud te, Tulli, monitum velim etc.,

Liv. 1, 23, 8:

quamobrem omnes eos oratos volo Ne, etc.,

Ter. Heaut. prol. 26; so, factum volo = faciam: serva tibi sodalem, et mihi filium. Mne. Factum volo, I will, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 91: pariter nunc opera me adjuves ac, etc. Nau. Factum volo, Ter. Phorm. 5, 3, 4; so Plaut. Pers. 2, 5, 10.—In 3 d pers.:

esse salutatum vult te mea littera primum,

Ov. P. 2, 7, 1.—

With pres. inf.:

propterea te vocari ad cenam volo (= voco te),

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 72:

sed nunc rogare hoc ego vicissim te volo: quid fuit, etc. (= nunc te rogo),

id. Trin. 1, 2, 136.—

With perf. act. inf.:

pace tua dixisse velim (= pace tua dixerim),

Ov. P. 3, 1, 9.—

In other connections, when the will or purpose is made more prominent than the action:

eorum alter, qui Antiochus vocatur, iter per Siciliam facere voluit (= fecit),

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 27, § 61:

si suscipere eam (religionem) nolletis, tamen in eo qui violasset sancire vos velle oporteret (= sancire vos oporteret),

id. ib. 2, 4, 51, §

114: ut insequentibus diebus nemo eorum forum aut publicum adspicere vellet (= adspiceret),

Liv. 9, 7, 11:

talentis mille percussorem in me emere voluisti (= emisti),

Curt. 3, 5, 6: quin etiam senatus gratias ei agentem quod redire voluisset ante portas eduxit (= quod redisset), Val. Max. 3, 4, 4:

utri prius gratulemur, qui hoc dicere voluit, an cui audire contigit? (= qui hoc dixit),

id. 4, 7, ext. 2:

sic tua non paucae carpere facta volent (= carpent),

Ov. P. 3, 1, 64.

Velim, as potential subjunctive (mostly in 1 st pers. sing., as subjunctive of modest statement), = volo, I wish, I should like.

With verb in the second person.

With pres. subj., so most frequently in Cic.

As a modest imperative of the dependent verb: velim facias = fac, I wish you would do it, please do it:

ego quae in rem tuam sint, ea velim facias,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 9:

eas (litteras) in eundem fasciculum velim addas,

Cic. Att. 12, 53:

eum salvere jubeas velim,

id. ib. 7, 7, 7:

velim me facias certiorem, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 19, 9:

tu velim saepe ad nos scribas,

id. ib. 1, 12, 4:

velim mihi ignoscas,

id. Fam. 13, 75, 1:

tu velim animum a me parumper avertas,

id. Lael. 1, 5; cf. id. Att. 1, 11, 3; 7, 3, 11; 8, 12, 5; id. Fam. 15, 3, 2 et saep.:

haec pro causa mea dicta accipiatis velim,

Liv. 42, 34, 13: velim, inquit, hoc mihi probes, Aug. ap. Suet. Aug. 51:

Musa velim memores, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 53.—

Expressing a wish without a command (v. vellem):

vera dicas velim,

I wish you told the truth, Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 18:

quam velim Bruto persuadeas ut Asturae sit,

Cic. Att. 14, 15, 4:

ipse velim poenas experiare meas,

Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 74;

so in asseverations: ita velim me promerentem ames, dum vivas, mi pater, ut... id mihi vehementer dolet,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 47.—

With infinitive clause.

With the force of a modest imperative:

sed qui istuc credam ita esse, mihi dici velim (i. e. a te),

Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 15:

extremum illud est quod mihi abs te responderi velim,

Cic. Vat. 17, 41 (may be a dependent subjunctive):

itaque vos ego, milites, non eo solum animo.... pugnare velim, etc.,

Liv. 21, 41, 10.—

As a mere wish:

velim te arbitrari, frater, etc.,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 1:

primum te arbitrari id quod res est velim,

Ter. Eun. 5, 5, 9.—With perf. act.:

hanc te quoque ad ceteras tuas eximias virtutes, Masinissa, adjecisse velim,

Liv. 30, 14, 6.—With perf. pass., Liv. 1, 23, 8 (v. II. A. 3. a. supra).—

With ut (rare):

de tuis velim ut eo sis animo, quo debes esse,

Cic. Fam. 4, 14, 4. —

With ne (rare), Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 23 (v. I. C. 2. supra).—

With dependent verb in the third person, expressing a wish.

With pres. subj.:

ita se defatigent velim Ut, etc.,

Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 3:

de Cicerone quae mihi scribis, jucunda mihi sunt: velim sint prospera,

Cic. Att. 14, 11, 2:

velim seu Himilco, seu Mago respondeat,

Liv. 23, 12, 15:

sint haec vera velim,

Verg. Cir. 306:

nulla me velim syllaba effugiat,

Quint. 11, 2, 45.—With final clause:

tu velim mihi ad urbem praesto sis, ut tuis consiliis utar,

Cic. Att. 9, 16, 3; cf. id. ib. 11, 11, 2 (v. I. C. 2. supra).—With ellips. of pres. subj.:

velim mehercule Asturae Brutus (i. e. sit),

Cic. Att. 14, 11, 1.—

With perf. subj. (a wish referring to the past):

nimis velim improbissumo homini malas edentaverint,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 2, 48.—

With inf.-clause:

ne ego nunc mihi modium mille esse argenti velim!

Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 9: di me perdant! Me. Quodcunque optes, velim tibi contingere, id. Cist. 2, 1, 30:

velim eum tibi placere quam maxime,

Cic. Brut. 71, 249: idque primum ita esse velim;

deinde etiam, si non sit, mihi persuaderi tamen velim,

id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

quod faxitis, deos velim fortunare,

Liv. 6, 41, 12.—With perf. pass. inf. (v. I. B. 9. b. b, supra):

edepol te hodie lapide percussum velim,

Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 33:

moribus praefectum mulierum hunc factum velim,

id. Aul. 3, 5, 30.—With inf.-clause understood:

nimium plus quam velim nostrorum ingenia sunt mobilia,

Liv. 2, 37, 4.—

With verb in the first person.

With inf. pres. (so most freq.):

atque hoc velim probare omnibus, etc.,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47:

velim scire ecquid de te recordere,

id. Tusc. 1, 6, 13:

quare te, ut polliceris, videre plane velim,

id. Att. 11, 9, 3:

nec vero velim... a calce ad carceres revocari,

id. Sen. 23, 83:

sed multitudo ea quid animorum... habeat scire velim,

Liv. 23, 12, 7:

interrogare tamen velim, an Isocrates Attice dixerit,

Quint. 12, 10, 22.—With perf. inf. act., Ov. P. 3, 1, 9 (v. II. A. 3. c.).—

With acc. and inf.:

quod velis, modo id velim me scire,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 4, 8.—So with perf. pass. inf.:

ego praeterquam quod nihil haustum ex vano velim, Fabium... potissimum auctorem habui,

Liv. 22, 7, 4.—

With subj. pres.:

eo velim tam facili uti possim et tam bono in me quam Curione,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 10 B. and K. ex conj. Mull. (Lachm., Hoffm. posse; al. possem).—

Velim in the principal sentence of conditional clauses, I would, I should be willing:

aetatem velim servire, Libanum ut (= si) conveniam modo,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 8:

velim, si fieri possit,

id. Truc. 2, 4, 12:

si quid tibi compendi facere possim, factum edepol velim (redundant),

id. ib. 2, 4, 26:

si possim, velim,

id. Stich. 4, 2, 9:

nec velim (imitari orationes Thucydidis) si possim,

Cic. Brut. 83, 287:

si liceat, nulli cognitus esse velim,

Ov. Tr. 5, 12, 42.—

The other persons of velim in potential use (rare).

Velis.

Imperatively = cupito:

quoniam non potest fieri quod vis, Id velis quod possit,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 6:

atque aliquos tamen esse velis tibi, alumna, penates,

Verg. Cir. 331.—

Declaratively with indef. subj.: quom inopia'st, cupias; quando ejus copia'st, tum non velis, then you (i.e. people, they) do not want it, Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 45.—

Redundant, as a form of the imperative of the dependent verb, Ov. Am. 1, 4, 38 (v. I. A. 3. a. b); id. H. 1, 80 (v. II. A. 1. b.); id. M. 2, 746 (v. II. A. 1. c.).—

Velit.

Modestly for vult:

te super aetherias licentius auras Haud pater ille velit, etc.,

Verg. A. 7, 558: nemo enim minui velit id in quo maximus fuit, would like that to be diminished in which, etc., Quint. 12, 11, 6; cf. Verg. A. 2, 104, and Ov. H. 9, 7 (v. I. E. 1. c. supra).— So, poet., instead of vellet with perf. inf.:

ut fiat, quid non illa dedisse velit?

Ov. Am. 2, 17, 30.—

= imperative of third person:

arma velit, poscatque simul rapiatque juventus,

Verg. A. 7, 340.—Redundantly, giving to the dependent verb the force of an imperative, Quint. 8, prooem. 12 (v. II. A. 1. c. supra; v. also I. A. 3. a. supra).—

Velimus.

In the optative sense of velim:

sed scire velimus quod tibi nomen siet,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 6, 18.—

With imperative sense (= let us, we should, etc.), Quint. 6, 3, 28 (v. I. A. 2. d. supra).—

Velitis = velim velitis (i. e. jubeatis, jubete):

novos consules ita cum Samnite gerere bellum velitis ut omnia ante nos bella gesta sunt,

Liv. 9, 8, 10.—So especially in velitis jubeatis, a formula in submitting a law to the votes of the people in the comitia centuriata or tributa, let it be resolved and ordered by you:

rogatus in haec verba populus: velitis jubeatisne haec sic fieri, si respublica populi Romani Quiritium, etc.,

Liv. 22, 10, 2:

velitis jubeatis, Quirites... uti de ea re Ser. Sulpicius praetor urbanus ad senatum referat, etc.,

id. 38, 54, 3.—And parodied by Cic.:

velitis jubeatis ut quod Cicero versum fecerit,

Cic. Pis. 29, 72.—So in oblique discourse, vellent juberent:

rogationem promulgavit, vellent juberent Philippo... bellum indici,

Liv. 31, 6, 1:

vellent juberentne se regnare,

id. 1, 46, 1; cf.

in the resolution of the people: plebis sic jussit: quod senatus... censeat, id volumus jubemusque,

id. 26, 33, 14.—

Velint, optative and redundant, Cic. Att. 11, 7, 7 (v. II. A. 1. d.); Ov. P. 1, 7, 8 (v. II. A. 1. c.).

Vellem, as potential subjunctive, I wish, should like, should have liked, representing the wish as contrary to fact, while velim refers to a wish which may be realized:

de Menedemo vellem verum fuisset, de regina velim verum sit,

Cic. Att. 15, 4, 4. It is not used with imperative force; cf.:

quod scribis, putare te... vellem scriberes, cur ita putares... tu tamen velim scribas,

Cic. Att. 11, 24, 5.—Often quam vellem, how I wish, i. e. I wish very much; and in the same sense: nimium vellem, v. infra.

With verb in first person.

With inf. pres., I wish, would like, referring to present or future actions:

videre equidem vos vellem, cum huic aurum darem,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 68:

vellem equidem idem posse gloriari quod Cyrus,

Cic. Sen. 10, 32:

vellem equidem vobis placere, Quirites, sed, etc.,

Liv. 3, 68, 9:

quam fieri vellem meus libellus!

Mart. 8, 72, 9.—With cuperem and optarem:

nunc ego Triptolemi cuperem conscendere currus... Nunc ego Medeae vellem frenare dracones... Nunc ego jactandas optarem sumere pennas, etc.,

Ov. Tr. 3, 8, 1 sqq.— [p. 2010] Rarely, I should have liked:

tum equidem istuc os tuum inpudens videre nimium vellem!

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 49.—And in conditional sense:

maerorem minui: dolorem nec potui, nec, si possem, vellem (i. e. minuere),

Cic. Att. 12, 28, 2:

certe ego, si sineres, titulum tibi reddere vellem,

Ov. Tr. 4, 5, 13:

sic nec amari quidem vellem (i. e. if I were in his place),

Sen. Ira, 1, 20, 4.—

With perf. inf., I wish I had:

abiit, vah! Rogasse vellem,

I wish I had asked him, Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 25:

maxime vellem semper tecum fuisse,

Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5:

quam vellem petisse ab eo quod audio Philippum impetrasse,

id. ib. 10, 4, 10:

non equidem vellem, quoniam nocitura fuerunt, Pieridum sacris imposuisse manum,

Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 27:

ante equidem summa de re statuisse, Latini, Et vellem, et fuerat melius,

Verg. A. 11, 303. —

With inf.-clause, the predicate being a perf. part. (v. I. B. 9. b. b, supra):

virum me natam vellem,

would I had been born a man! Ter. Phorm. 5, 3, 9.—

With subj. imperf. (rare):

quam vellem, Panaetium nostrum nobiscum haberemus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15.—

The subject of the dependent verb in the second person.

With subj. imperf. (the regular construction):

hodie igitur me videbit, ac vellem tum tu adesses,

I wish you could be present, Cic. Att. 13, 7, 2:

quam vellem de his etiam oratoribus tibi dicere luberet,

I wish you would please, id. Brut. 71, 248.—

With subj. pluperf., I wish you had:

vellem Idibus Martiis me ad cenam invitasses,

Cic. Fam. 12, 4, 1:

quam vellem te ad Stoicos inclinavisses,

id. Fin. 3, 3, 10:

vellem suscepisses juvenem regendum,

id. Att. 10, 6, 2:

quam vellem Bruto studium tuum navare potuisses,

id. ib. 15, 4, 5.—

With ne and pluperf. subj.:

tu vellem ne veritus esses ne parum libenter legerem tuas litteras,

Cic. Fam. 7, 33, 2.—

With ellipsis of verb: vera cantas, vana vellem (i. e. cantares). Plaut. Most. 3, 4, 41.—

With verb in third person.

With imperf. subj. (the regular construction):

patrem atque matrem viverent vellem tibi (per ecthesin, v. I. E. b.),

Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 106:

vellem adesset Antonius, modo sine advocatis,

Cic. Phil. 1, 7, 16:

vellem nobis hoc idem vere dicere liceret,

id. Off. 3, 1, 1:

vellem adesse posset Panaetius,

id. Tusc. 1, 33, 81:

vellem hoc esset laborare,

id. Or. 2, 71, 287.—

With pluperf. subj.:

vellem aliqui ex vobis robustioribus hunc male dicendi locum suscepissent,

Cic. Cael. 3, 7:

vellem dictum esset ab eodem etiam de Dione,

id. ib. 10, 23; so id. ib. 31, 74; id. Brut. 44, 163:

quam vellem Dareus aliquid ex hac indole hausisset!

Curt. 3, 32 (12), 26.—

With inf.-clause.

With inf. pres., I wish he were:

quam non abesse ab hujus judicio L. Vulsionem vellem!

Cic. Clu. 70, 198:

nunc mihi... Vellem, Maeonide, pectus inesse tuum,

Ov. F. 2, 120.—

With perf. inf. or part., I wish he had, had been:

quam vellem Menedemum invitatum!

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 11:

epistulas, quas quidem vellem mihi numquam redditas,

Cic. Att. 11, 22, 1.—

With ellipsis of predicate: illud quoque vellem antea (i. e. factum, or factum esse),

Cic. Att. 11, 23, 3.—

With ut, Cic. Sull. 1, 1; id. Fam. 7, 33, 2 (v. I. C. 1. a. supra).—

With acc. of a neuter pronoun or of a noun:

aliquando sentiam us nihil nobis nisi, id quod minime vellem, spiritum reliquum esse,

Cic. Att. 9, 19, 2: tris eos libros maxime nunc vellem: apti essent ad id quod cogito, I would like to have (cf. I. E. 1. a.), id. ib. 13, 22, 2.—

In the other persons of vellem (mostly poet.).

Velles.

In optative sentences redundant, Verg. A. 11, 153 (v. II. A. 1. d.).—

Of an indefinite subject:

velles eum (Senecam) suo ingenio dixisse, alieno judicio,

Quint. 10, 1, 130.—

Vellet.

In the potential sense of vellem: vellet abesse quidem;

sed adest. Velletque videre, Non etiam sentire canum fera facta suorum,

Ov. M. 3, 247.—

Conditionally:

quis vellet tanti nuntius esse mali (i. e. if in this situation)?

Ov. H. 12, 146.—

Vellent.

In the potential sense of vellem:

quam vellent aethere in alto Nunc of pauperiem et duros perferre labores!

Verg. A. 6, 436.—

Conditionally: nec superi vellent hoc licuisse sibi, would wish, i. e. if in this situation, Mart. 4, 44, 8.

Volam and voluero.

In gen.: respiciendus erit sermo stipulationis, utrumne talis sit: quem voluero, an quem volam. Nam si talis fuerit quem voluero, cum semel elegerit, mutare voluntatem non poterit;

si vero... quem volam, donec judicium dictet, mutandi potestatem habebit,

Dig. 45, 1, 112.—

Volam in principal sentences.

= Engl. future, I shall wish, etc.:

et commeminisse hoc ego volam te,

I shall require you to recollect this, Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 7: cum omnia habueris, tunc habere et sapientiam voles? will you also wish to have wisdom when? etc., Sen. Ep. 17, 8.—

Denoting present probability: et scilicet jam me hoc voles patrem exorare, ut, etc., you doubtless wish me, etc., Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 27.—

In clauses dependent on predicates implying a future, generally rendered by an English present:

quid si sors aliter quam voles evenerit?

otherwise than as you wish, Plaut. Cas. 2, 5, 35:

tum te, si voles, cum patriae quod debes solveris, satis diu vixisse dicito,

then if you choose, if you will, Cic. Marcell. 9, 27:

decedes cum voles,

id. Att. 6, 3, 2:

qui magis effugies eos qui volent fingere?

those who are bent upon inventing, who will invent, falsehoods, id. ib. 8, 2, 2; cf. id. ib. 1, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 55; id. Prov. Cons. 9, 24:

quod voles gratum esse, rarum effice,

Sen. Ben. 1, 14, 1; cf. id. Brev. Vit. 7, 9: si di volent, the gods permitting, August. ap. Suet. Calig. 8:

invenies, vere si reperire voles,

Ov. P. 3, 1, 34; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 78; Tib. 1, 4, 45.—So, voluero:

quem (locum) si qui vitare voluerit, sex milium circuitu in oppidum pervenit,

who wishes to avoid this spot, Caes. B. C. 2, 24.

Si vis, parenthetically.

If you please (cf. sis, supra init.):

paulum opperirier, Si vis,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 52:

audi, si vis, nunc jam,

id. Ad. 2, 1, 30:

dic, si vis, de quo disputari velis,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 5, 13.—

If you wish, choose, insist upon it:

hanc quoque jucunditatem, si vis, transfer in animum,

Cic. Fin. 2, 4, 14:

addam, si vis, animi, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 27, 89:

concedam hoc ipsum, si vis, etc.,

id. Div. 2, 15, 34.

Quam, with any person of the pres. indic. or subj., or imperf. subj. or future, = quamvis, in a concessive sense, virtually, however, however much.

3 d pers. sing.:

quod illa, quam velit sit potens, numquam impetravisset (= quamvis sit potens),

however powerful she may be, Cic. Cael. 26, 63:

C. Gracchus dixit, sibi in somnis Ti. fratrem visum esse dicere, quam vellet cunctaretur, tamen eodem sibi leto... esse pereundum,

id. Div. 1, 26, 56:

quam volet jocetur,

id. N. D. 2, 17, 46.—

1 st pers. plur.:

quam volumus licet ipsi nos amemus, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Har. Resp. 9, 19.—

2 d pers. plur.: exspectate facinus quam vultis improbum, vincam tamen, etc., expect a crime, however wicked ( ever so wicked), etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 5, § 11;

but: hac actione quam voletis multi dicent,

as many as you choose, id. ib. 2, 2, 42, § 102.—

3 d pers. plur.:

quam volent illi cedant, tamen a re publica revocabuntur,

Cic. Phil. 2, 44, 113:

quam volent in conviviis faceti, dicaces, etc., sint, alia fori vis est, alia triclinii,

id. Cael. 28, 67;

but: et ceteri quam volent magnas pecunias capere possint,

as much money as they choose, id. Verr. 2, 2, 58, § 142.

Volo = malo, to prefer, with a comparative clause (rare):

quodsi in ceteris quoque studiis a multis eligere homines commodissimum quodque, quam sese uni alicui certo vellent addicere, = si se eligere mallent quam se uni addicere,

Cic. Inv. 2, 2, 5:

malae rei quam nullius duces esse volunt,

Liv. 3, 68, 11:

famaene credi velis quanta urbs a te capta sit, quam posteris quoque eam spectando esse?

id. 25, 29, 6.

With magis and maxime.

Magis velle: ut tu illam salvam magis velles quam ego, you wish more than I, etc., Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 17.—

With maxime, to wish above all, more than any thing or any one else, to be most agreeable to one, to like best, to prefer (among more than two alternatives):

quia id maxime volo ut illi istoc confugiant,

wish above all, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 49; so id. Trin. 3, 2, 38:

maxime vellem, judices, ut P. Sulla, etc.,

Cic. Sull. 1, 1:

caritate nos capiunt reges, consilio optimates, libertate populi, ut in comparando difficile ad eligendum sit, quid maxime velis,

which you prefer, like best, id. Rep. 1, 35, 55; so, quemadmodum ego maxime vellem, id. Att. 13, 1, 1:

tris eos libros maxime nunc vellem,

above all others, id. ib. 13, 32, 2:

alia excusanti juveni, alia recipienti futura, ita ut maxime vellet senatus responderi placuit,

as it was most agreeable to him, Liv. 39, 47:

si di tibi permisissent quo modo maxime velles experiri animum meum,

in the manner most convenient to yourself, Curt. 3, 6, 12.

In disjunctive co - ordination.

With sive... sive:

tu nunc, sive ego volo, seu nolo, sola me ut vivam facis,

whether I choose or not, Plaut. Cist. 3, 14:

itaque Campanos sive velint, sive nolint, quieturos,

Liv. 8, 2, 13.—

Without connectives.

Vis tu... vis:

congredi cum hoste liceat... vis tu mari, vis terra, vis acie, vis urbibus expugnandis experiri virtutem?

Liv. 25, 6, 22.—

Velim nolim.

Interrogatively, = utrum velim nec ne:

velit nolit scire, difficile est,

it is difficult to know whether he intends it or not, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 4.—

= seu velim seu nolim:

ut mihi, velim nolim, sit certa quaedam tuenda sententia,

whether I will or not, Cic. N. D. 1, 7, 17:

velim nolim, in cognomine Scipionum haeream necesse est,

Val. Max. 3, 7, 3:

mors interim adest, cui velis nolis vacandum est,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 8, 5:

hunc ita fundatum necesse est, velit nolit, sequatur hilaritas continua,

id. Vit. Beat. 4, 4:

velint nolint, respondendum est... beate vivere bonum non esse,

id. Ep. 117, 4:

praeterea futuri principes, velint nolint, sciant, etc.,

Plin. Pan. 20 fin. Part. and P. a.: vŏlens, entis.

As a part. proper, retaining the meaning and construction of velle, with the force of a relative or adverbial clause.

Agreeing with some member of the sentence ( poet. and in post-class. prose;

rare): neque illum... multa volentem Dicere praeterea vidit (= qui multa voluit dicere),

Verg. G. 4, 501; id. A. 2, 790:

nec me vis ulla volentem Avertet (i. e. si adhaerere foederi volo),

id. ib. 12, 203: decemviri, minuere volentes hujuscemodi violentiam... putaverunt, etc., intending ( who intended) to diminish such a violence, etc., Gell. 20, 1, 34:

Milo, experiri etiamtunc volens, an ullae sibi reliquae vires adessent... rescindere quercum conatus est,

id. 15, 16, 3:

scio quosdam testatores, efficere volentes ne servi sui umquam ad libertatem venirent, etc., hactenus scribere solitos,

Dig. 40, 4, 61:

si te volentem ad prohibendum venire, deterruerit aliquis, etc.,

ib. 43, 24, 1, § 10.—

Abl. absol. (not ante-Aug.):

ne cujus militis scripti nomen nisi ipso volente deleretur,

except with his consent, Liv. 7, 41, 4; so,

Teum ex medio cursu classem repente avertit, aut volentibus iis usurus commeatu parato hostibus, aut ipsos pro hostibus habiturus,

with their consent, id. 37, 27, 3:

ponuntque ferocia Poeni Corda, volente deo,

since the god willed it, Verg. A. 1, 303: Thrasippo supplicium a se voluntaria morte exigere volente, while he was about to inflict punishment on himself, etc., Val. Max. 5, 1, ext. 2: scire volentibus immortalibus dis an Romana virtus imperium orbis mereretur, it being the will of the gods to know, etc., Flor. 1, 13, 3 (1, 7, 3): qui sciente aut volente eo ad quem res pertinet, possessionem nanciscitur, with the knowledge and consent of the person who, etc., Dig. 41, 2, 6. —